77.040 - Testing of metals
ICS 77.040 Details
Testing of metals
Prufung metallischer Werkstoffe
Essais des metaux
Preskušanje kovin
General Information
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This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of chromium content in steels and cast irons.
The method is applicable to non-alloy and low-alloy steels and cast irons with chromium contents between 0,002 % (by mass) to 2,0 % (by mass).
The method can be adapted to lower or higher chromium contents by changing the test portion or the dilution process, provided the criteria in 6.3.2 and 6.3.3 are still met.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrogen in steels.
The method is primarily intended for the determination of total nitrogen in very low contents in non-alloy steels.
It can be used, however, for any low nitrogen ferrous alloy that is soluble in hydrochloric acid provided that the acid-resistant form of silicon nitride is not present. This highly resistant nitride has been found only in samples of silicon steels manufactured without aluminium addition and then only in sheet material.
The method is applicable to nitrogen contents from 0.000 5 % (by mass) to 0.005 % (by mass).
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of niobium in steels.
The method is applicable to all grades of steels with niobium contents up to 1,3 % (by mass), with a lower limit of detection of 0,002 % (by mass).
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of chromium content in steels and cast irons.
The method is applicable to non-alloy and low-alloy steels and cast irons with chromium contents between 0,002 % (by mass) to 2,0 % (by mass).
The method can be adapted to lower or higher chromium contents by changing the test portion or the dilution factor, provided the criteria in 6.3.2 and 6.3.3 are still met.
The precision data of the present method are given in Annex A.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of niobium in steels.
The method is applicable to all grades of steels with niobium contents up to 1,3 % (by mass), with a lower limit of detection of 0,002 % (by mass).
The precision data of the present method are given in Annex A.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrogen in steels.
The method is primarily intended for the determination of total nitrogen in very low contents in non-alloy steels.
It can be used, however, for any low nitrogen ferrous alloy that is soluble in hydrochloric acid provided that the acid-resistant form of silicon nitride is not present. These highly resistant nitrides have been found only in samples of silicon steels manufactured without aluminium addition and then only in sheet material.
The method is applicable to nitrogen contents from 0,000 5 % (by mass) to 0,005 % (by mass).
The precision data of the present method are given in Annex A.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a point counting method for statistically estimating the volume fraction of a constituent through the microstructure of a steel by means of a point grid. It applies to constituents which are clearly identifiable. By default, counting is performed manually, but can be computer assisted or substituted by validated computer algorithms. NOTE In this document, the word "constituent" can designate a phase as well as a micrographic constituent composed of two or more phases.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the chemical composition limits of wrought aluminium and wrought
aluminium alloys and form of products.
NOTE The chemical composition limits of aluminium and aluminium alloys specified herein are completely
identical with those registered with the Aluminium Association, 1525, Wilson Boulevard, Suite 600, Arlington,
VA 22209, USA, for the corresponding alloys.
- Standard57 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the general requirements for the radiography of steel and iron castings by means of X-rays or gamma-rays.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the method for Rockwell regular and Rockwell superficial hardness tests for
scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, 15N, 30N, 45N, 15T, 30T, and 45T for metallic materials and is applicable to
stationary and portable hardness testing machines.
For specific materials and/or products, other specific International Standards apply (e.g. ISO 3738-1
and ISO 4498).
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the calibration of reference blocks to be used for the indirect
and daily verification of Rockwell hardness testing machines and indenters, as specified in ISO 6508-2.
This document also specifies requirements for Rockwell machines and indenters used for calibrating
reference blocks and specifies methods for their calibration and verification.
Attention is drawn to the fact that the use of hard metal for ball indenters is considered to be the
standard type of Rockwell indenter ball.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies two separate methods of verification of testing machines (direct and indirect)
for determining Rockwell hardness in accordance with ISO 6508-1, together with a method for verifying
Rockwell hardness indenters.
The direct verification method is used to determine whether the main parameters associated with
the machine function, such as applied force, depth measurement, and testing cycle timing, fall within
specified tolerances. The indirect verification method uses a number of calibrated reference hardness
blocks to determine how well the machine can measure a material of known hardness.
This document is applicable to stationary and portable hardness testing machines.
Attention is drawn to the fact that the use of tungsten carbide composite for ball indenters is considered
to be the standard type of Rockwell indenter ball.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes how the evaluation of uncertainties in tensile tests can be obtained from tests at room temperature (ISO 6892-1) or elevated temperature (ISO 6892-2). This document reports how it can be applied to tests performed at ambient and elevated temperatures under axial loading conditions with a digital acquisition of force and displacement. NOTE 1 As CWA 15261-2 and UNCERT CoP 07 reports, the tests are assumed to run continuously without interruptions on test pieces that have uniform gauge lengths. NOTE 2 Annex C gives for information an indication of the typical scatter in tensile test results for a variety of materials that have been reported during laboratory inter-comparison exercises.
- Technical report36 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ISO 3887:2017 defines the decarburization and specifies three methods of measuring the depth of decarburization of steel products.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the calibration of reference blocks to be used for the indirect and daily verification of Rockwell hardness testing machines and indenters, as specified in ISO 6508-2. This document also specifies requirements for Rockwell machines and indenters used for calibrating reference blocks and specifies methods for their calibration and verification.
Attention is drawn to the fact that the use of hard metal for ball indenters is considered to be the standard type of Rockwell indenter ball.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies two separate methods of verification of testing machines (direct and indirect) for determining Rockwell hardness in accordance with ISO 6508-1, together with a method for verifying Rockwell hardness indenters.
The direct verification method is used to determine whether the main parameters associated with the machine function, such as applied force, depth measurement, and testing cycle timing, fall within specified tolerances. The indirect verification method uses a number of calibrated reference hardness blocks to determine how well the machine can measure a material of known hardness.
This document is applicable to stationary and portable hardness testing machines.
Attention is drawn to the fact that the use of tungsten carbide composite for ball indenters is considered to be the standard type of Rockwell indenter ball.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the method for Rockwell regular and Rockwell superficial hardness tests for scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, 15N, 30N, 45N, 15T, 30T, and 45T for metallic materials and is applicable to stationary and portable hardness testing machines.
For specific materials and/or products, other specific International Standards apply (e.g. ISO 3738-1 and ISO 4498).
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the calibration of reference blocks to be used for the indirect and daily verification of Rockwell hardness testing machines and indenters, as specified in ISO 6508-2. This document also specifies requirements for Rockwell machines and indenters used for calibrating reference blocks and specifies methods for their calibration and verification. Attention is drawn to the fact that the use of hard metal for ball indenters is considered to be the standard type of Rockwell indenter ball.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard20 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the method for Rockwell regular and Rockwell superficial hardness tests for scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, 15N, 30N, 45N, 15T, 30T, and 45T for metallic materials and is applicable to stationary and portable hardness testing machines. For specific materials and/or products, other specific International Standards apply (e.g. ISO 3738-1 and ISO 4498).
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard30 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies two separate methods of verification of testing machines (direct and indirect) for determining Rockwell hardness in accordance with ISO 6508-1, together with a method for verifying Rockwell hardness indenters. The direct verification method is used to determine whether the main parameters associated with the machine function, such as applied force, depth measurement, and testing cycle timing, fall within specified tolerances. The indirect verification method uses a number of calibrated reference hardness blocks to determine how well the machine can measure a material of known hardness. This document is applicable to stationary and portable hardness testing machines. Attention is drawn to the fact that the use of tungsten carbide composite for ball indenters is considered to be the standard type of Rockwell indenter ball.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard24 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the Vickers hardness test method for the three different ranges of test force for
metallic materials, including hard metals and other cemented carbides (see Table 1), metallic coatings
and other inorganic coatings.
Table 1 — Ranges of test force
Ranges of test force, F
N
Hardness symbol Designation
F ≥ 49,03 ≥HV 5 Vickers hardness test
1,961 ≤ F < 49,03 HV 0,2 to
0,020 mm and 1,400 mm. Using this method to determine Vickers hardness from smaller indentations
is outside the scope of this document as results would suffer from large uncertainties due to the
limitations of optical measurement and imperfections in tip geometry.
The Vickers hardness specified in this document is also applicable for metallic and other inorganic
coatings including electrodeposited coatings, autocatalytic coatings, sprayed coatings and anodic
coatings on aluminium.
This document is applicable to measurements normal to the coated surface and to measurements on
cross-sections, provided that the characteristics of the coating (smoothness, thickness, etc.) permit
accurate readings of the diagonal of the indentation.
This document is not applicable for coatings with thickness less than 0,030 mm when testing normal
to the coating surface. This standard is not applicable for coatings with thickness less than 0,100 mm
when testing a cross-section of the coating. ISO 14577-1 can be used for the determination of hardness
from smaller indentations.”
A periodic verification method is specified for routine checking of the testing machine in service by the
user.
For specific materials and/or products, relevant International Standards exist.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the method of instrumented indentation test for evaluation of stress change between reference and target states using indentation force differences. This document primarily applies to measuring the stress change in a specific location and the stress difference between different locations.
- Technical specification19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ISO 4545-1:2017 specifies the Knoop hardness test method for metallic materials for test forces from 0,009 807 N to 19,613 N.
The Knoop hardness test is specified in this document for lengths of indentation diagonals ≥0,020 mm. Using this method to determine Knoop hardness from smaller indentations is outside the scope of this document as results would suffer from large uncertainties due to the limitations of optical measurement and imperfections in tip geometry. ISO 14577-1 allows the determination of hardness from smaller indentations.
A periodic verification method is specified for routine checking of the testing machine in service by the user.
Special considerations for Knoop testing of metallic coatings can be found in ISO 4516.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 6507-1:2018 specifies the Vickers hardness test method for the three different ranges of test force for metallic materials including hardmetals and other cemented carbides.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an order for listing elements within the chemical composition of steels and
most other iron-based alloys, excluding foundry irons.
NOTE This document has been developed and is used by ISO/TC 17/SC 4, but can also be used by other
ISO/TC 17 subcommittees.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to all sintered metals and alloys, excluding hardmetals.
This document specifies:
— the die cavity dimensions used for making tensile test pieces by pressing and sintering, and by metal injection moulding (MIM) and sintering;
— the dimensions of tensile test pieces machined from sintered and powder forged materials.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 5754 specifies the dimensions of an unnotched impact test piece of sintered metal materials. The test piece may be obtained directly by pressing and sintering or by machining a sintered part.
ISO 5754 applies to all sintered metals and alloys, with the exception of hardmetals. However, for certain materials (for example, materials with low porosity or materials with high ductility), it may be more appropriate to use a notched test piece which, in this case, will give results with less scatter. (In this case, refer to ISO 148‑1.)
NOTE For porous sintered materials, the results obtained from impact tests are not necessarily very accurate compared with results obtained from tests on solid metals.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the Vickers hardness test method for the three different ranges of test force for metallic materials, including hard metals and other cemented carbides (see Table 1), metallic coatings and other inorganic coatings. The Vickers hardness test is specified in this document for lengths of indentation diagonals between 0,020 mm and 1,400 mm. Using this method to determine Vickers hardness from smaller indentations is outside the scope of this document as results would suffer from large uncertainties due to the limitations of optical measurement and imperfections in tip geometry. The Vickers hardness specified in this document is also applicable for metallic and other inorganic coatings including electrodeposited coatings, autocatalytic coatings, sprayed coatings and anodic coatings on aluminium. This document is applicable to measurements normal to the coated surface and to measurements on cross-sections, provided that the characteristics of the coating (smoothness, thickness, etc.) permit accurate readings of the diagonal of the indentation. This document is not applicable for coatings with thickness less than 0,030 mm when testing normal to the coating surface. This standard is not applicable for coatings with thickness less than 0,100 mm when testing a cross-section of the coating. ISO 14577-1 can be used for the determination of hardness from smaller indentations.” A periodic verification method is specified for routine checking of the testing machine in service by the user. For specific materials and/or products, relevant International Standards exist.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard36 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
ISO 4545-1:2017 specifies the Knoop hardness test method for metallic materials for test forces from 0,009 807 N to 19,613 N.
The Knoop hardness test is specified in this document for lengths of indentation diagonals ≥0,020 mm. Using this method to determine Knoop hardness from smaller indentations is outside the scope of this document as results would suffer from large uncertainties due to the limitations of optical measurement and imperfections in tip geometry. ISO 14577-1 allows the determination of hardness from smaller indentations.
A periodic verification method is specified for routine checking of the testing machine in service by the user.
Special considerations for Knoop testing of metallic coatings can be found in ISO 4516.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the Knoop hardness test method for metallic materials for test forces from 0,009 807 N to 19,613 N. This document specifies Knoop hardness tests for length of the long diagonal ≥0,020 mm. Using this method to determine the Knoop hardness from smaller indentations is outside the scope of this document as results would suffer from large uncertainties due to the limitations of optical measurement and imperfections in tip geometry. The Knoop hardness test specified in this document is also applicable for metallic and other inorganic coatings including electrodeposited coatings, autocatalytic coatings, sprayed coatings and anodic coatings on aluminium. This document is applicable to measurements normal to the coated surface and to measurements on cross-sections, provided that the characteristics of the coating (smoothness, thickness, etc.) permit accurate readings of the diagonal of the indentation. This document is not applicable for coatings with thickness less than 0,007 mm when testing normal to the coating surface. This document is not applicable for coatings with thickness less than 0,020 mm when testing a cross-section of the coating. ISO 14577-1 can be used for the determination of hardness from smaller indentations. A periodic verification method is specified for routine checking of the testing machine in service by the user.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard28 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies an order for listing elements within the chemical composition of steels and most other iron-based alloys, excluding foundry irons.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines the decarburization and specifies three methods of measuring the depth of decarburization of steel products.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the dimensions of an unnotched impact test piece of sintered metal materials. The test piece may be obtained directly by pressing and sintering or by machining a sintered part.
This document applies to all sintered metals and alloys, with the exception of hardmetals. However, for certain materials (for example, materials with low porosity or materials with high ductility), it may be more appropriate to use a notched test piece which, in this case, will give results with less scatter. (In this case, refer to ISO 148-1.)
NOTE For porous sintered materials, the results obtained from impact tests on unnotched specimens according to this standard are not fully comparable with results obtained from tests on solid metals tested on notched specimens.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the methods for:
a) uninterrupted creep tests with continuous monitoring of extension;
b) interrupted creep tests with periodic measurement of elongation;
c) stress rupture tests where normally only the time to fracture is measured;
d) a test to verify that a predetermined time can be exceeded under a given force, with the elongation
or extension not necessarily being reported.
NOTE A creep test can be continued until fracture has occurred or it can be stopped before fracture.
- Standard57 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines the decarburization and specifies three methods of measuring the depth of decarburization of steel products.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard12 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the dimensions of an unnotched impact test piece of sintered metal materials. The test piece may be obtained directly by pressing and sintering or by machining a sintered part. This document applies to all sintered metals and alloys, with the exception of hardmetals. However, for certain materials (for example, materials with low porosity or materials with high ductility), it may be more appropriate to use a notched test piece which, in this case, will give results with less scatter. (In this case, refer to ISO 148-1.) NOTE For porous sintered materials, the results obtained from impact tests on unnotched specimens according to this standard are not fully comparable with results obtained from tests on solid metals tested on notched specimens.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard2 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document is applicable to all sintered metals and alloys, excluding hardmetals.
This document specifies:
— the die cavity dimensions used for making tensile test pieces by pressing and sintering, and by metal injection moulding (MIM) and sintering;
— the dimensions of tensile test pieces machined from sintered and powder forged materials.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for designating test specimen axes in relation to product texture by means of an X-Y-Z orthogonal coordinate system.
This document applies equally to unnotched and notched (or precracked) test specimens.
This document is intended only for metallic materials with uniform texture that can be unambiguously determined.
Test specimen orientation is decided before specimen machining, identified in accordance with the designation system specified in this document, and recorded.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of instrumented Charpy V-notch pendulum impact testing on metallic materials and the requirements concerning the measurement and recording equipment.
With respect to the Charpy pendulum impact test described in ISO 148-1, this test provides further information on the fracture behaviour of the product under impact testing conditions.
The results of instrumented Charpy test analyses are not directly transferable to structures or components and shall not be directly used in design calculations or safety assessments.
NOTE General information about instrumented impact testing can be found in References [1] to [5].
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to all sintered metals and alloys, excluding hardmetals. This document specifies: — the die cavity dimensions used for making tensile test pieces by pressing and sintering, and by metal injection moulding (MIM) and sintering; — the dimensions of tensile test pieces machined from sintered and powder forged materials.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a gravimetric method for the determination of rare earth content in 11 kinds of individual rare earth metals (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium and yttrium) and their compounds, such as oxides, carbonates, hydroxides, oxalates, chlorides and fluorides. The determination ranges for the rare earth content in mass fraction are as follows: — rare earth metal: 98,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,5 % (mass fraction); — rare earth oxide: 95,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,8 % (mass fraction); — rare earth oxalate: 95,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,8 % (mass fraction); — rare earth fluoride: 75,0 % (mass fraction) to 90,0 % (mass fraction); — other compounds (i.e. rare earth hydroxide, rare earth chloride and rare earth carbonate): 40,0 % (mass fraction) to 70,0 % (mass fraction). It does not apply to individual rare earth metals and their compounds when: a) the matrixes of the sample are erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium; b) the content of thorium or lead in the sample is greater than 0,1 % in mass fraction.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a titration method for the determination of rare earth content in 15 kinds of individual rare earth metals (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium and yttrium) and their oxides. The determination ranges for the rare earth content in mass fraction are as follows: — rare earth metal: 98,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,5 % (mass fraction); — rare earth oxide: 95,0 % (mass fraction) to 99,5 % (mass fraction). It does not apply to individual rare earth metals and their oxides when: a) the relative rare earth purity is less than 99,5 % in mass fraction; b) the total content of various (non-rare earth) metallic elements is greater than 0,5 % in mass fraction; c) the content of thorium, scandium or zinc is greater than 0,1 % in mass fraction.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This guide will include post-process non-destructive testing of additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic parts with a comprehensive approach. It will cover several sectors and a similar framework can be applied to other materials (e.g. ceramics, polymers, etc.). In-process NDT and metrology standards will be referenced as they are being developed. This guide will present current standards capability to detect which of the Additive Manufacturing (AM) flaw types and which flaws require new standards, using a standard selection tool. NDT methods potential to detect AM flaws not covered by current standards will be recommended, and as new standards for flaws not covered by current standards are developed, they will be referenced in this standard via document updates.
This part of the International Standard:
⎯ Categorises AM defects
⎯ A review of relevant current standards
⎯ Enables suitable current standard NDT method/s to be used;
⎯ Details method specific to additive manufacturing and complex 3D geometries;
⎯ Outlines existing non-destructive testing techniques applicable to some AM types of defects;
This part of the International Standard is aimed at users and producers of additive
manufacturing processes. It applies wherever additive processes are used, and to the following fields in particular:
⎯ Safety critical applications;
⎯ Assured confidence in additive manufacturing;
⎯ Reverse engineered products manufactured by additively manufactured;
⎯ Test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.
NOTE Most metal inspection methods in NDT use ultrasound or X-rays, but these techniques cannot always cope with the complicated shapes typically produced by AM. In most circumstances X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a more suitable method, but it also has limitations and room for improvement or adaptation to AM, on top of being a costly method both in time and money.
- Technical report168 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (i. e. ISO 3995:1977). The method subjects a compact pressed form metallic powder to a uniformly increasing transverse force under controlled conditions until fracture occurs. the green strength is determined on compacts either having a particular density or after compaction at a specific compacting pressure.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) has been used for several decades as an important analytical tool for production analysis. XRF is characterised by its speed and high precision over a wide concentration range and since the technique in most cases is used as an relative method the limitations are often connected to the quality of the calibration samples. The technique is well established and most of its physical properties are well known.
- Technical report23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the methods for:
a) uninterrupted creep tests with continuous monitoring of extension;
b) interrupted creep tests with periodic measurement of elongation;
c) stress rupture tests where normally only the time to fracture is measured;
d) a test to verify that a predetermined time can be exceeded under a given force, with the elongation or extension not necessarily being reported.
NOTE A creep test can be continued until fracture has occurred or it can be stopped before fracture.
- Standard57 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the methods for: a) uninterrupted creep tests with continuous monitoring of extension; b) interrupted creep tests with periodic measurement of elongation; c) stress rupture tests where normally only the time to fracture is measured; d) a test to verify that a predetermined time can be exceeded under a given force, with the elongation or extension not necessarily being reported. NOTE A creep test can be continued until fracture has occurred or it can be stopped before fracture.
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard50 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document categorises additive manufacturing (AM) defects in DED and PBF laser and electron beam category of processes, provides a review of relevant current NDT standards, details NDT methods that are specific to AM and complex 3D geometries and outlines existing non‑destructive testing techniques that are applicable to some AM types of defects.
This document is aimed at users and producers of AM processes and it applies, in particular, to the following:
— safety critical AM applications;
— assured confidence in AM;
— reverse engineered products manufactured by AM;
— test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.
- Technical report168 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) has been used for several decades as an important analytical tool for production analysis. XRF is characterised by its speed and high precision over a wide concentration range and since the technique in most cases is used as an relative method the limitations are often connected to the quality of the calibration samples. The technique is well established and most of its physical properties are well known.
- Technical report23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of green strength by measuring the transverse rupture strength of compacts of rectangular cross-section.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day