EN 1999-1-1:2023

Eurocode 9 - Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-1: General rules

1.1 Scope of FprEN 1999-1-1
(1) FprEN 1999-1-1 gives basic design rules for structures made of wrought aluminium alloys and limited guidance for cast alloys (see Clause 5 and Annex C).
This document does not cover the following, unless otherwise explicitly stated in this document:
- components with material thickness less than 0,6 mm;
- welded components with material thickness less than 1,5 mm;
- connections with:
- steel bolts and pins with diameter less than 5 mm;
- aluminium bolts and pins with diameter less than 8 mm;
- rivets and thread forming screws with diameter less than 3,9 mm.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:
- execution complies with EN 1090-3 and EN 1090-5;
- the mechanical properties comply with the product standards listed in 5.2.2.
(2) EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures;
- EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components;
- EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures;
- EN 1090-5, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications.

Eurocode 9 - Bemessung und Konstruktion von Aluminiumtragwerken - Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln

1.1   Anwendungsbereich von EN 1999 1 1
(1) EN 1999 1 1 enthält grundlegende Bemessungsregeln für Tragwerke aus Aluminiumknetlegierungen und eingeschränkte Hinweise für Gusslegierungen (siehe Abschnitt 5 und Anhang C).
Dieses Dokument behandelt keines der folgenden Themen, sofern in dieser Norm nicht ausdrücklich etwas anderes angegeben ist:
—   Bauteile mit einer Werkstoffdicke kleiner als 0,6 mm;
—   geschweißte Bauteile mit einer Werkstoffdicke kleiner als 1,5 mm;
—   Verbindungen mit:
—   Stahlschrauben und Stahlbolzen mit einem Durchmesser kleiner als 5 mm;
—   Aluminiumschrauben und Aluminiumbolzen mit einem Durchmesser kleiner als 8 mm;
—   Niete und gewindeformende Schrauben mit einem Durchmesser kleiner als 3,9 mm.
1.2   Annahmen
(1) Zusätzlich zu den allgemeinen Annahmen von EN 1990 gelten die folgenden Annahmen:
—   die Ausführung entspricht EN 1090 3 und EN 1090 5;
—   die mechanischen Eigenschaften entsprechen den in 5.2.2 aufgeführten Produktnormen.
(2) EN 1999 gilt in Verbindung mit folgenden Regelwerken:
—   Europäische Normen für Bauprodukte, die auf Aluminiumtragwerke zutreffen;
—   EN 1090 1, Ausführung von Stahltragwerken und Aluminiumtragwerken — Teil 1: Konformitätsnachweisverfahren für tragende Bauteile;
—   EN 1090 3, Ausführung von Stahltragwerken und Aluminiumtragwerken — Teil 3: Technische Regeln für die Ausführung von Aluminiumtragwerken;
—   EN 1090 5, Ausführung von Stahltragwerken und Aluminiumtragwerken — Teil 5: Technische Anforderungen an tragende, kaltgeformte Bauelemente aus Aluminium und tragende, kaltgeformte Bauteile für Dach-, Decken-, Boden- und Wandanwendungen.

Eurocode 9 - Calcul des structures en aluminium - Partie 1-1: Règles générales

1.1   Domaine d'application de l'EN 1999-1-1
(1) L’EN 1999-1-1 donne les règles fondamentales de calcul des structures en alliage d'aluminium de corroyage et des recommandations limitées pour les alliages de fonderie (voir Clause 5 et Annexe C).
Le présent document ne couvre pas les aspects suivants, sauf indication contraire explicitement donnée dans la présente norme :
-   composants d'épaisseur inférieure à 0,6 mm ;
-   composants soudés d'épaisseur inférieure à 1,5 mm ;
-   liaisons à l'aide de :
-   boulons et goupilles en acier de diamètre inférieur à 5 mm ;
-   boulons et axes en aluminium de diamètre inférieur à 8 mm ;
-   rivets et vis taraudeuses de diamètre inférieur à 3,9 mm.
1.2   Hypothèses
(1) Outre les hypothèses générales définies dans l'EN 1990, les hypothèses suivantes s'appliquent :
-   l'exécution est conforme à l'EN 1090-3 et à l’EN 1090-5 ;
-   les caractéristiques mécaniques sont conformes aux exigences des normes de produit énoncées au 5.2.2.
(2) L'EN 1999 est destinée à être utilisée avec :
-   l'EN 1090-1, Exécution des structures en acier et des structures en aluminium — Partie 1 : Exigences pour l'évaluation de la conformité des éléments structuraux ;
-   l'EN 1090-3, Exécution des structures en acier et des structures en aluminium — Partie 3 : Exigences techniques pour l'exécution des structures en aluminium ;
-   l’EN 1090-5, Exécution des structures en acier et des structures en aluminium — Partie 5 : Exigences techniques pour éléments en aluminium formés à froid et structures formées à froid pour applications en toiture, plafond, paroi verticale et plancher.

Evrokod 9 - Projektiranje konstrukcij iz aluminijevih zlitin - 1-1. del: Splošna pravila

Standard EN 1999 se uporablja za projektiranje stavb ter inženirskih in konstrukcijskih objektov iz aluminija. Upošteva načela in zahteve glede varnosti in uporabnosti konstrukcij ter podlago za njihovo projektiranje in preverjanje, ki so podane v standardu EN 1990 – Osnove projektiranja konstrukcij.
Standard EN 1999 se nanaša le na zahteve za odpornost, uporabnost, trajnost in požarno odpornost aluminijastih konstrukcij. Ostale zahteve, na primer glede toplotne in zvočne izolativnosti, niso obravnavane.
Standard EN 1999 je namenjen za uporabo v povezavi z naslednjimi standardi:
–   EN 1990 Osnove projektiranja
–   EN 1991 Vplivi na konstrukcije
–   Evropski standardi za gradbene izdelke, ki se nanašajo na aluminijaste konstrukcije
–   EN 1090-1: Izvedba jeklenih in aluminijastih konstrukcij – 1. del: Zahteve za ugotavljanje skladnosti sestavnih delov konstrukcij
–   EN 1090-3: Izvedba jeklenih in aluminijastih konstrukcij – 3. del: Tehnične zahteve za aluminijaste konstrukcije.
Standard EN 1999-1-1 določa osnovna pravila za projektiranje konstrukcij iz gnetenih aluminijevih zlitin in podaja omejene smernice za ulite zlitine.
Če ni v tem standardu izrecno navedeno drugače, se priporočajo naslednje omejitve:
   sestavni deli naj imajo debelino materiala vsaj 0,6 mm;
   varjeni sestavni deli naj imajo debelino materiala vsaj 1,5 mm;
   za povezave naj se uporabljajo:
–   jekleni sorniki in zatiči s premerom vsaj 5 mm;
–   aluminijasti sorniki in zatiči s premerom vsaj 8 mm;
–   zakovice in samorezni vijaki s premerom vsaj 3,9 mm.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 21-Mar-2023
• ICS: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects
• ICS: 91.080.17 - Aluminium structures
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 250 - Structural Eurocodes
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 250/SC 9 - Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 22-Mar-2023
• Due Date: 19-Mar-2022
• Completion Date: 22-Mar-2023
• Directive: 305/2011 - Regulation (eu) No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 march 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing council directive 89/106/eec
• Mandate: M/515 - Mandate for amending existing Eurocodes and extending the scope of structural Eurocodes
• Ref Project: kSIST FprEN 1999-1-1:2022 - Eurocode 9 - Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-1: General rules

Relations

• Replaces: EN 1999-1-1:2007/A2:2013 - Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-1: General structural rules
• Effective Date: 29-Mar-2023
• Replaces: EN 1999-1-1:2007/A1:2009 - Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-1: General structural rules
• Effective Date: 29-Mar-2023
• Replaces: EN 1999-1-1:2007 - Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-1: General structural rules
• Effective Date: 13-Nov-2019

Overview

EN 1999-1-1:2023 (Eurocode 9 Part 1-1) - published by CEN - provides the general rules for design of aluminium structures, superseding the 2007 version. It gives basic design rules for structures made of wrought aluminium alloys and limited guidance for cast alloys (see Clause 5 and Annex C). EN 1999-1-1:2023 is intended as the principal European design code for aluminium structural design and is used alongside product and execution standards.

Key exclusions: the document does not generally cover components with material thickness < 0.6 mm, welded components < 1.5 mm, connections using steel bolts/pins < 5 mm diameter, aluminium bolts/pins < 8 mm diameter, or rivets/thread-forming screws < 3.9 mm diameter.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Fundamental principles: basis of design, limit state design and verification by the partial factor method, and design assisted by testing.
• Materials and properties: requirements for wrought aluminium alloys, limited guidance for cast alloys, and design values of material constants (see Clause 5).
• Durability and execution: design service life, durability, robustness, and execution assumptions (compliance with EN 1090-3 and EN 1090-5).
• Structural analysis: modelling, global analysis, imperfections, and methods of analysis for frames and plates.
• Ultimate limit states: strength, cross-section resistance, classification (section classes), local buckling, and HAZ softening near welds.
• Buckling and stability: member buckling in compression and bending, buckling resistance methods and simplified approaches.
• Plate and girder behaviour: un-stiffened and stiffened plates under in‑plane/out‑of‑plane loads, plate girders, corrugated webs, and interaction effects.
• Serviceability: deformations, deflections and dynamic effects for buildings, and limit states for usability.
• Joints and connections: bolts, rivets, welding consumables, adhesives and connection design provisions.

Practical applications and users

EN 1999-1-1:2023 is essential for:

• Structural engineers and designers specifying and verifying aluminium structural members for buildings, bridges, industrial structures and façades.
• Architects integrating aluminium systems where structural behaviour and durability must meet Eurocode requirements.
• Fabricators and manufacturers of aluminium components seeking compliance with European execution rules and product standards.
• Compliance officers and authorities assessing conformity with European construction legislation.

Use this standard to ensure safe, durable and code-compliant design for aluminium structures where lightweight, corrosion resistance and formability are required.

Related standards

• EN 1090-1, EN 1090-3, EN 1090-5 (execution & conformity for steel and aluminium structures)
• Relevant European product standards for aluminium alloys and fasteners
• EN 1990 (basis of structural design), used in conjunction with Eurocode 9

Keywords: Eurocode 9, EN 1999-1-1:2023, aluminium structures, design rules, wrought aluminium alloys, buckling, plate girder, EN 1090.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 1999-1-1:2023
01-september-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 1999-1-1:2007
SIST EN 1999-1-1:2007/A1:2009
SIST EN 1999-1-1:2007/A2:2014
Evrokod 9 - Projektiranje konstrukcij iz aluminijevih zlitin - 1-1. del: Splošna pravila
Eurocode 9 - Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-1: General rules
Eurocode 9 - Bemessung und Konstruktion von Aluminiumtragwerken - Teil 1-1:
Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln
Eurocode 9 - Calcul des structures en aluminium - Partie 1-1: Règles générales
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1999-1-1:2023
ICS:
91.010.30 Tehnični vidiki Technical aspects
91.080.17 Aluminijaste konstrukcije Aluminium structures
SIST EN 1999-1-1:2023 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

SIST EN 1999-1-1:2023
SIST EN 1999-1-1:2023
EN 1999-1-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.17 Supersedes EN 1999-1-1:2007
English Version
Eurocode 9 - Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-1:
General rules
Eurocode 9 - Calcul des structures en aluminium - Eurocode 9 - Bemessung und Konstruktion von
Partie 1-1: Règles générales Aluminiumtragwerken - Teil 1-1: Allgemeine
Bemessungsregeln
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 2 January 2023.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1999-1-1:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

SIST EN 1999-1-1:2023
Contents Page
European foreword . 8
0 Introduction .10
1 Scope .13
2 Normative references .14
3 Terms, definitions and symbols .15
3.1 Terms and definitions .15
3.2 Symbols .17
3.3 Conventions for member axes .32
4 Basis of design .34
4.1 General rules .34
Basic requirements .34
Structural reliability .34
Design service life, durability and robustness .34
4.2 Principles of limit state design .35
4.3 Basic variables .35
Actions and environmental influences .35
Material and product properties .35
4.4 Verification by the partial factor method .35
Design value of material properties .35
Design value of geometrical data .35
Design resistances .35
4.5 Design assisted by testing .36
4.6 Execution requirements .36
5 Materials .37
5.1 General.37
5.2 Structural aluminium .37
Range of materials .37
Material properties for wrought and casting alloys .39
Material properties for cast aluminium alloys .46
Dimensions, mass and tolerances .47
Design values of material constants .47
5.3 Connecting devices .48
General.48
Bolts, nuts, washers and self-tapping and self-drilling screws .48
Rivets .50
Welding consumables .50
Adhesives .51
6 Durability .51
7 Structural analysis .52
7.1 Structural modelling for analysis .52
Structural modelling and basic assumptions .52
Joint modelling.52
Ground-structure interaction.52
7.2 Global analysis .52
Effects of deformed geometry of the structure .52
Structural stability of frames .53
7.3 Imperfections .54
General.54
SIST EN 1999-1-1:2023
Imperfections for global analysis of frames. 54
Imperfection for analysis of bracing systems . 61
Member imperfections . 63
7.4 Methods of analysis . 63
General . 63
Elastic global analysis . 64
Plastic global analysis . 64
8 Ultimate limit states for members. 64
8.1 Basis. 64
General . 64
Characteristic value of strength . 64
Partial factors . 65
Classification of cross-sections . 65
Local buckling resistance in class 4 members . 73
HAZ softening adjacent to welds . 74
8.2 Resistance of cross-sections . 77
General . 77
Section properties . 78
Tension . 79
Compression . 80
Bending moment . 81
Shear . 84
Torsion . 85
Bending and shear . 86
Bending and axial force . 87
Bending, shear and axial force . 88
Web bearing. 88
8.3 Buckling resistance of members . 89
Members in compression. 89
Members in bending . 95
Members in bending and axial compression . 98
8.4 Simplified analysis of resistance . 103
8.5 Uniform built-up members . 104
General . 104
Laced compression members . 106
Battened compression members . 108
Closely spaced built-up members . 109
8.6 Un-stiffened plates under in-plane loading . 110
General . 110
Resistance under uniform compression . 111
Resistance under in-plane moment . 112
Resistance under transverse or longitudinal stress gradient . 113
Shear resistance . 113
Resistance under out-of-plane loading . 114
Resistance under combined action . 115
8.7 Stiffened plates under in-plane loading . 116
General . 116
Stiffened plates under uniform compression . 117
Stiffened plates under in-plane moment . 119
Longitudinal stress gradient on multi-stiffened plates . 120
Multi-stiffened plate in shear . 120
Buckling load for orthotropic plates . 121
Out-of-plane loading . 124
Resistance under combined loading. 126
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8.8 Plate girders. 128
General. 128
Resistance of plate girders under in-plane bending . 128
Plate girders with longitudinal web stiffeners . 129
Shear resistance . 131
Resistance to transverse forces . 136
Interaction . 140
Flange induced buckling . 141
Web stiffeners . 142
8.9 Members with corrugated webs . 143
General. 143
Bending moment resistance . 143
Shear force resistance . 144
9 Serviceability limit states . 146
9.1 General. 146
9.2 Deformations and dynamic effects for buildings . 146
10 Design of joints . 147
10.1 Basis of design . 147
Introduction . 147
Applied forces and moments . 147
Resistance of joints . 148
Design assumptions . 148
Fabrication and execution . 148
10.2 Intersections for bolted, riveted and welded joints . 149
10.3 Joints loaded in shear subject to impact, vibration and/or load reversal . 149
10.4 Classification of joints . 149
10.5 Connections made with bolts, rivets and pins . 149
Positioning of holes for bolts and rivets . 149
Deductions for fastener holes . 152
Categories of bolted connections . 155
Design resistances of bolts . 157
Design resistance of rivets . 159
Countersunk bolts and rivets . 160
Self-tapping and self-drilling screws and blind rivets . 160
Bolts in slip-resistant connections . 161
Long joints . 163
Single lap joints of flats with only one row of fasteners . 163
Fasteners through packings . 164
Pin connections . 164
Aluminium connecting devices . 166
10.6 Welded connections . 167
General. 167
Design of welded connections . 168
10.7 Design of friction stir welds . 183
10.8 Hybrid connections . 184
10.9 Special joints . 184
General. 184
Bolt-channel joints . 185
Screw grooves and screw ports . 188
10.10 Equivalent T-stub in tension . 188
General . 188
Prying Forces in typical T-Stub Stand-alone Connection . 189
General rules for resistance evaluation . 191
Geometrical limitations. 199
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10.11 Column web in transverse tension and transverse compression . 199
General . 199
Column web in transverse tension . 200
Column web in transverse compression . 204
10.12 Adhesive bonded joints . 206
10.13 Other joining methods . 206
Annex A (normative) Quality requirements for execution . 207
A.1 Use of this annex . 207
A.2 Scope and field of application . 207
A.3 General . 207
A.4 Selection process for execution class . 208
A.5 Evaluation of utilization grades . 210
Annex B (informative) Finite Element Methods of analysis (FEM) . 211
B.1 Use of this Annex . 211
B.2 Scope and field of application . 211
B.3 Use of FEM for design . 211
B.4 Modelling . 212
B.5 Choice of software and documentation . 212
B.6 Use of imperfections . 212
B.7 Material properties . 214
B.8 Loads . 214
B.9 Limit state criteria . 214
B.10 Partial factors . 215
Annex C (informative) Materials selection . 218
C.1 Use of this Annex . 218
C.2 Scope and field of application . 218
C.3 General . 218
C.4 Wrought products . 218
C.5 Cast products . 222
Annex D (informative) Corrosion and surface protection . 224
D.1 Use of this Annex . 224
D.2 Scope and field of application . 224
D.3 Corrosion of aluminium under various exposure conditions . 224
D.4 Durability ratings of aluminium alloys . 226
D.5 Corrosion protection . 227
Annex E (normative) Castings . 233
E.1 Use of this Annex . 233
E.2 Scope and field of application . 233
E.3 General design provisions for castings . 233
Annex F (informative) Analytical models for stress-strain relationship . 236
F.1 Use of this Annex . 236
F.2 Scope and field of application . 236
F.3 Analytical models . 236
F.4 Approximate evaluation of ε . 244
uni,max
Annex G (informative) Geometrical properties of cross-sections. 245
G.1 Use of this Annex . 245
G.2 Scope and field of application . 245
G.3 Torsion constant I . 245
t
G.4 Torsion modulus Wt . 246
G.5 Position of shear centre S . 246
G.6 Warping constant I . 246
w
SIST EN 1999-1-1:2023
G.7 Cross-section constants for open thin-walled cross-sections . 249
G.8 Torsion constant of cross-section with closed part . 252
G.9 Shear area . 253
G.10 Plastic section modulus and interaction formula . 254
Annex H (informative) Behaviour of cross-sections beyond elastic limit . 256
H.1 Use of this Annex . 256
H.2 Scope and field of application . 256
H.3 Definition of cross-section limit states . 256
H.4 Classification of cross-sections to limit states . 257
H.5 Boundary values of ultimate axial load . 258
H.6 Boundary values of ultimate moment . 259
H.7 Ultimate resistance . 260
Annex I (informative) Lateral-torsional buckling of beams and torsional or torsional-
flexural buckling of compressed members . 261
I.1 Use of this Annex . 261
I.2 Scope and field of application . 261
I.3 Elastic critical moment and slenderness . 261
I.4 Slenderness for lateral-torsional buckling . 271
I.5 Elastic critical axial force for torsional and torsional-flexural buckling . 272
I.6 Slenderness for torsional and torsional-flexural buckling . 275
Annex J (informative) Shear lag effects in member design . 279
J.1 Use of this Annex . 279
J.2 Scope and field of application . 279
J.3 Effective width for elastic shear lag . 279
J.4 Shear lag at ultimate limit states . 283
Annex K (informative) Plastic hinge method for continuous beams . 284
K.1 Use of this Annex . 284
K.2 Scope and field of application . 284
K.3 Determination of ultimate bending moment M . 285
u
Annex L (informative) Cross-sectional ductility and rotation capacity . 287
L.1 Use of this Annex . 287
L.2 Scope and field of application . 287
L.3 Moment-curvature analysis of cross-section . 288
L.4 Evaluation of rotation capacity . 293
L.5 Empirical relations for ultimate resistance . 294
L.6 Empirical relations for rotation capacity . 295
Annex M (informative) Classification of joints . 297
M.1 Use of this Annex . 297
M.2 Scope and field of application . 297
M.3 General. 297
M.4 Fully restoring joints . 298
M.5 Partially restoring joints . 298
M.6 Classification according to rigidity . 298
M.7 Classification according to strength . 298
M.8 Classification according to ductility . 299
M.9 General design requirements for joints . 301
M.10 Requirements for framing joints . 301
Annex N (informative) The use of the component method for joints . 305
N.1 Use of this Annex . 305
N.2 Scope and field of application . 305
Annex O (informative) Screw grooves and screw ports . 306
SIST EN 1999-1-1:2023
O.1 Use of this Annex . 306
O.2 Scope and field of application . 306
O.3 Tensile resistance . 307
O.4 Shear resistance . 309
Annex P (informative) Adhesive bonded joints . 312
P.1 Use of this Annex . 312
P.2 Scope and field of application . 312
P.3 General . 312
P.4 Adhesives . 312
P.5 Design of adhesive bonded joints . 313
P.6 Tests . 315
Annex Q (informative) Determining the extent of HAZ from hardness tests . 316
Q.1 Use of this Annex . 316
Q.2 Scope and field of application . 316
Q.3 Determining the extent of HAZ from hardness tests . 316
Annex R (informative) Weld studs connected by arc stud welding with tip ignition . 318
R.1 Use of this Annex . 318
R.2 Scope and field of application . 318
R.3 Construction . 318
R.4 Design . 319
Annex S (normative) Aluminium bridges . 321
S.1 Use of this Annex . 321
S.2 Scope and field of application . 321
S.3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 321
S.4 Basis of design . 321
S.5 Materials . 322
S.6 Durability . 322
S.7 Structural Analysis . 323
S.8 Ultimate limit states . 324
S.9 Serviceability limit states . 325
S.10 Fatigue . 326
S.11 Detailing . 327
Annex T (informative) Lattice spatial roof structures . 340
T.1 Use of this Annex . 340
T.2 Scope and field of application . 340
T.3 General requirements . 340
T.4 Double layer reticulated structures. 340
T.5 Single-layer reticulated structures . 348
Annex U (informative) Composite Aluminium Concrete Beams. 356
U.1 Use of this Annex .
...