SIST EN ISO 23019:2026

• Abstract:

  This document specifies requirements for railway driving simulators for drivers' training. It defines the minimum functions and performances for a driver training simulator.; This document is applicable to all guided transport systems, including for mainlines, metros, tramways and light rails, as part of public/private transport systems. These vehicles are intended for the operation of intercity, urban and suburban passenger or freight services with self-propelled systems and operated on either segregated or not segregated paths.; Annexes A to D provide additional information.

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 30-Jun-2026
• Publication Date: 07-Sep-2026
• ICS: 03.100.30 - Management of human resources
• ICS: 03.220.30 - Transport by rail
• ICS: 45.020 - Railway engineering in general
• Technical Committee: IŽNP - Reilway applications
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 02-Sep-2026
• Due Date: 07-Nov-2026
• Completion Date: 08-Sep-2026
• Ref Project: EN ISO 23019:2026 - Railway applications - Driving simulator for drivers' training (ISO 23019:2022)

SIST EN ISO 23019:2026 is the Slovenian national standard that adopts EN ISO 23019:2026 for railway applications. It specifies the minimum functions and performance of driving simulators used for drivers' training on guided transport systems, including mainlines, metros, tramways and light rails. The standard is aimed at people who specify, design, buy, install, operate, maintain or train with these simulators.

What does SIST EN ISO 23019:2026 specify?

SIST EN ISO 23019:2026 specifies requirements for railway driving simulators used in driver training. It sets out the minimum functions and performance expected from a training simulator and applies to guided transport systems used for passenger or freight services on segregated or non-segregated paths.

The document is organized into 10 clauses and 4 informative annexes. Clauses 1 to 3 cover scope and terms, Clause 4 sets the simulator concept and classification, Clauses 5 and 6 cover training mode and supporting mode, and Clauses 7 to 10 cover computer systems, installation, maintainability, and data and documents.

Annex	What it covers
Annex A	Reviews
Annex B	Acceptance tests
Annex C	Documents
Annex D	Training for use and maintenance

What are the key requirements of SIST EN ISO 23019:2026?

SIST EN ISO 23019:2026 is built around selecting the right simulator fidelity, defining the training use case, and then specifying the train, line, environment, controls, display, sound, motion, software, installation and maintenance around that use case. In practice, the standard helps the buyer or designer turn a training objective into a measurable simulator specification.

Simulator concept and classification

Clause 4 says the simulator shall be chosen according to its target use and training purpose. It classifies simulators into Type 1 to Type 4, from a replica cabin to a light desktop, and adds an A suffix when a motion system is included. This matters because the simulator configuration should match the intended training depth, realism and budget.

Clause 4 also distinguishes training mode from supporting mode. Training mode is for the trainee's live driving session, while supporting mode is for administration, editing and maintenance. That distinction matters because different users need different functions, access rights and interfaces.

Training mode functions

Clause 5 requires the simulator to define the simulated guided transport system and environment, perception functions, and control and monitoring functions including the training scenario. The document requires the intended use, number and type of simulators, room layout, and the interaction between instructor and trainees to be specified. That lets a customer define whether the solution is for one trainee, a classroom setup, supervised use, or self-training.

Clause 5 also defines the training scenario as a set of initial conditions and simulated events built for a specific objective. It includes functions such as pause, resume, replay, relocation and logging. In practice, these functions support repeated practice, review of mistakes, and assessment after the session.

Simulated train, line and environment

For the simulated train, Clause 5 requires the defined control panels, out-of-cab equipment, train performance and behaviour, malfunctions, and safety and security systems to be specified. It also requires the handling of controlled trains and automatic managed trains, including the number running at the same time and how they are controlled. This matters because trainees need to see and operate the same kinds of controls, behaviours and failures they will meet in service.

For the simulated line and environment, the standard requires the infrastructure, signalling, power distribution, interfaces, weather, static objects and dynamic objects to be defined. It distinguishes generic, geotypical and geospecific line and environment models. That helps the simulator match a real line when needed, or stay more general when the training goal is broader.

Perception, display, sound and motion

Clause 5 requires the visual image generation method, display type, field of view, clarity and visibility to be defined. It covers computer-generated imagery (CGI), photographed images, video or other methods, and it requires the front view at minimum. This matters because the driver must be able to recognize signals, trackside features and hazards clearly enough for realistic training.

Clause 5 also covers sound and, where provided, motion. Sound functions must define what is reproduced, how it is controlled, and the volume range, with safety and health rules taken into account. Motion, when provided, must define the motion system, degrees of freedom, payload and movement characteristics, and it must be possible to switch motion on or off before or during a scenario.

Control, scoring and scenario management

Clause 5 requires control and monitoring functions for simulator operation, training support and training evaluation. It includes start and stop functions, emergency functions, state monitoring, user administration, records management and the control of display views for instructors and observers. This matters because the simulator has to be operable, observable and safe for both training delivery and incident handling.

The standard also requires the training scenario management functions and training scenario log variables to be defined. If scoring is used, the scoring items, criteria and whether scoring is manual or automatic must be defined. That gives the customer a basis for objective assessment of skills such as punctuality, stop accuracy, driving smoothness and speed limit compliance.

Supporting mode, system, installation and maintenance

Clause 6 covers training administration tools such as a training scenario editor, a line editor and user rights management, as well as maintenance administration and remote maintenance. Clauses 7 to 9 then set requirements for the computer system, interfaces, auxiliary equipment, installation, and maintainability. In practice, this is what turns a simulator from a training concept into a workable installed system with support, diagnostics and upkeep.

Clause 10 requires the data and documents needed to design, review and accept the simulator to be defined. Annex B links this to factory acceptance tests and site acceptance tests, and Annex C links it to delivery of reports and manuals. That makes procurement and acceptance easier to plan and verify.

What terms does SIST EN ISO 23019:2026 define?

• Training mode - the operating mode used for driver training, either with an instructor or as self-training.
• Supporting mode - the operating mode used to administer, edit or maintain the simulator.
• Training scenario - a simulated situation made up of initial conditions and simulated events for a specific learning objective.
• Simulated line and environment - the modeled infrastructure and outside environment needed to drive the train correctly.
• Computer-generated imagery (CGI) - graphical reproduction of still or animated visual content with real-time image generation software.
• Field of view (FOV) - the angular extent of what can be observed from the viewer's position.
• Training scenario log - the record of simulator variables such as trainee actions, alarms, train states and environmental conditions.
• Assessment report - the report that states what knowledge or skill was validated during the training scenario.

Who uses SIST EN ISO 23019:2026?

SIST EN ISO 23019:2026 is used by railway training providers, infrastructure and rolling stock operators, simulator manufacturers, designers, instructors, administrators and maintainers. It is also useful for buyers and quality or procurement teams who need to write a clear requirement set for a simulator tender or technical specification.

In practice, instructors use it to plan training scenarios and assessment methods. Designers use it to build or edit scenarios and lines. Administrators use it to manage access, sessions and records. Maintainers use it to plan diagnostics, remote maintenance and servicing. Buyers use it to compare suppliers on the same functional basis.

What changed in SIST EN ISO 23019:2026 from the previous edition?

SIST EN ISO 23019:2026 takes over ISO 23019:2022 as EN ISO 23019:2026. The endorsement notice states that the European text was approved without modification.

What does the SIST EN ISO 23019:2026 document contain?

SIST EN ISO 23019:2026 contains a classification table for simulator types, diagrams showing simulator operating states, and detailed requirement text for training mode, supporting mode, computer systems, installation, maintainability, and data/documentation. It also contains an informative table of maintenance activity levels in Annex D.

Annex B gives the expected structure of acceptance testing, including factory and site acceptance tests, a validated procedure, and a compliance matrix. Annex C points to the usual delivery package of review reports, acceptance test reports, installation documents, user manuals and maintenance manuals. Annex D covers training for use and maintenance, including user sessions and maintenance training sessions.

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2026
Železniške naprave - Simulator vožnje za usposabljanje strojevodij (ISO
23019:2022)
Railway applications - Driving simulator for drivers' training (ISO 23019:2022)
Bahnanwendungen - Fahrsimulatoren zur Ausbildung von Fahrpersonalen im
Schienenverkehr (ISO 23019:2022)
Applications ferroviaires - Simulateur de conduite pour la formation des conducteurs
(ISO 23019:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 23019:2026
ICS:
03.100.30 Vodenje ljudi Management of human
resources
03.220.30 Železniški transport Transport by rail
45.020 Železniška tehnika na Railway engineering in
splošno general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 23019
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
August 2026
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 03.220.30; 45.020
English Version
Railway applications - Driving simulator for drivers'
training (ISO 23019:2022)
Applications ferroviaires - Simulateur de conduite pour Bahnanwendungen - Fahrsimulatoren zur Ausbildung
la formation des conducteurs (ISO 23019:2022) von Fahrpersonalen im Schienenverkehr (ISO
23019:2022)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 17 August 2026.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2026 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 23019:2026 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
The text of ISO 23019:2022 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 269 "Railway
applications” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as
which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2027, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2027.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 23019:2022 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 23019:2026 without any modification.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23019
First edition
2022-08
Railway applications — Driving
simulator for drivers' training
Applications ferroviaires — Simulateur de conduite pour la formation
des conducteurs
Reference number
ISO 23019:2022(E)
ISO 23019:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 23019:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General . 1
3.2 Actors . 1
3.3 Training functions and training states . 2
3.4 Simulated items . 3
3.5 Visual characteristics and functions . 4
3.6 Simulator items . 5
4 Conceptual considerations for simulator . 5
4.1 General . 5
4.2 Purpose of simulator . 6
4.3 Classification of simulators . 6
4.4 Simulator operating modes . 8
4.4.1 General . 8
4.4.2 Training mode . 8
4.4.3 Supporting mode . 10
4.5 Simulated guided transport system and environment . 11
4.5.1 General . 11
4.5.2 Simulated train . 11
4.5.3 Simulated line and environment . 11
5 Required functions and performance for training mode .12
5.1 General .12
5.2 Simulated guided transport system and environment .12
5.2.1 Simulated train .12
5.2.2 Controlled trains and automatic managed trains .13
5.2.3 Simulated line and environment . 13
5.3 Perception . 15
5.3.1 General .15
5.3.2 Visual system.15
5.3.3 Sound . 17
5.3.4 Motion . 18
5.4 Control and monitor including training scenario . 18
5.4.1 General . 18
5.4.2 Control and monitor . 18
5.4.3 Training scenario . 20
6 Required functions and performance for supporting mode .21
6.1 General . 21
6.2 Training administration (training scenario editor, line editor, others) .22
6.2.1 General .22
6.2.2 Training scenario editor . 22
6.2.3 Line editor . 23
6.2.4 Others . 23
6.3 Maintenance administration .23
6.3.1 General .23
6.3.2 Minimum requirements . 24
6.3.3 Best practice options . 24
7 Required functions and performance for computer system and auxiliary simulator
equipment .24
7.1 General . 24
iii
ISO 23019:2022(E)
7.2 Computer system . 24
7.2.1 Minimum requirements . 24
7.2.2 Best practice options . 25
7.3 Interfaces . 25
7.3.1 Internal interfaces .25
7.3.2 External interfaces .25
7.4 Auxiliary simulator equipment . .26
7.4.1 Minimum requirements . 26
7.4.2 Best practice options . 26
8 Requirements for simulator installation .26
8.1 General . 26
8.2 Minimum requirements . 26
8.3 Best practice options. 27
9 Maintainability .27
9.1 General . 27
9.2 Minimum requirements . 27
9.3 Best practice options. 27
10 Data and documents for simulation .27
10.1 General . 27
10.2 Minimum requirements . 27
10.3 Best practice options.28
Annex A (informative) Reviews .29
Annex B (informative) Acceptance tests .30
Annex C (informative) Documents .31
Annex D (informative) Training for use and maintenance .32
iv
ISO 23019:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 269, Railway applications, Subcommittee
SC 3, Operations and services.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
ISO 23019:2022(E)
Introduction
The construction of new railway lines is carried out all over the world. For the operation of new railway
lines, advanced cultivation/education of a driver’s skill is necessary. Even for existing railway lines,
cultivation/education of a new driver’s skill and his/her sustained re-skilling are also necessary.
Intrinsically, cultivation/education of vehicle crew/staff (e.g. the driver, conductor) is important to
ensure safety and stability of rail transport. This is because it can bring about accident prevention
and reduce the effects of abnormal working conditions (e.g. an unexpected accident, breakdown of a
train and its components). Since the driving simulator can easily reproduce these abnormal working
conditions, it can lead to the improvement of driving techniques and effective crew/staff training.
Therefore, the introduction of the driving simulator device becomes indispensable in the field of driver
training, which has very high needs and demands.
For that reason, this document has been developed to:
— define the common terminologies;
— support the creation of specifications for international procurement (e.g. to avoid the possibility
of applying too many specifications that can lead to a remarkable rise in price depending on the
purpose of use of the simulator);
— define what is necessary for the performance of the driving simulator depending on the training
purposes to ensure that appropriate and most efficient driver training is carried out.
This document covers these needs and, as a result, contributes to the further development of the
railway industry.
This document will help customers by giving them a clear vision of the minimum functions and
performances required for a simulator. Thus, it can help them to define their real needs.
vi
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23019:2022(E)
Railway applications — Driving simulator for drivers'
training
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for railway driving simulators for drivers' training. It defines
the minimum functions and performances for a driver training simulator.
This document is applicable to all guided transport systems, including for mainlines, metros, tramways
and light rails, as part of public/private transport systems. These vehicles are intended for the operation
of intercity, urban and suburban passenger or freight services with self-propelled systems and operated
on either segregated or not segregated paths.
Annexes A to D provide additional information.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General
3.1.1
train
any guided transport vehicle that operates on tracks
Note 1 to entry: The term includes passenger trains and freight trains which vary in type (e.g. light rail, metro,
mainline), speed (low speeds up to very high speeds) and distance. There can be overlapping types providing
more than one function. There can exist many different compositions as appropriate (e.g. single train or multiple
single trains connected together).
3.2 Actors
3.2.1
trainee
person to be trained with the driving simulator
3.2.2
instructor
trainer
person that trains trainees (3.2.1) with the driving simulator
3.2.3
administrator
person that manages the access, parameters and configuration of the simulator
ISO 23019:2022(E)
3.2.4
maintainer
person or company that maintains the simulator (hardware and/or software) in operational condition
3.2.5
designer
person that has the ability and the approval to create or modify the training scenario (3.3.2) and/or the
simulated line and environment (3.4.4) regardless of the organization he or she belongs to
3.3 Training functions and training states
3.3.1
training mode
use of a simulator for driver training purposes
Note 1 to entry: Two training modes can be defined:
— supervised mode for a training session executed with an instructor (3.2.2);
— self-training mode for a training session executed alone by a trainee (3.2.1).
3.3.2
training scenario
simulated situation including all relevant simulated items (e.g. simulated line and environment,
simulated train (3.4.1), controlled train (3.4.2)), the initial conditions necessary (e.g. choice of the line,
weather, time, signalling, simulated train (3.4.1) initial setup, automatic managed train (3.4.3) position,
controlled train (3.4.2) initial setup) and simulated events (3.4.5) created to specific training objective(s)
3.3.3
pause
pause of a training scenario
suspension of the real-time simulation execution by the instructor (3.2.2) or automatically by the
simulator during its execution
Note 1 to entry: The real-time simulation execution training scenario remains paused until restarted by an action
of the instructor or the system (or a trainee action).
EXAMPLE This function is to give an oral explanation by the instructor or to give a written explanation
displayed to the trainee (3.2.1).
3.3.4
resume
resuming of a training scenario
continue the training scenario after it has been paused
Note 1 to entry: This function is available when a training scenario is paused. After an order of the instructor
(3.2.2) or the system (or a trainee action, e.g. to close a pop up in self-training mode), the training scenario will
resume at the exact location and the exact context it was at before being paused.
3.3.5
replay
playback
function that displays the training scenario (3.3.2) already completed by the trainee (3.2.1)
ISO 23019:2022(E)
3.3.6
relocation
movement of the simulated train (3.4.1) into another time slot or location on track inside the training
scenario (3.3.2)
Note 1 to entry: This function is used when the trainee (3.2.1) has conducted a training scenario and the
instructor (3.2.2) wishes the trainee to repeat only part of the real-time simulation (but not all the training
scenario from the initial starting condition). For example, when the trainee has performed an incorrect action
or had an accident, etc. and the instructor wants the trainee to quickly learn from the mistake without repeating
the entire training scenario. The instructor sets the new state of the simulator from a defined condition (e.g. a
recorded checkpoint position or other location or condition). Once set, the trainee is again in control of the real-
time simulation and takes active control of the simulator. Data are recorded as usual.
3.3.7
training alarm
alarm or trigger that can be defined within the training scenario (3.3.2)
Note 1 to entry: Typically to set the limits of a normal reaction and behaviour of the trainee (3.2.1) (for training),
there may be several levels of alarms that can activate an action in the simulation.
3.3.8
training scenario log
log of the different variables available from the simulator
Note 1 to entry: Variables can include actions made by the trainee (3.2.1), alarms generated by the simulator,
signalling state, simulated train and safety system states, automatic and controlled trains states, instructor
actions, instructor notes if available and environmental conditions.
3.3.9
assessment report
report that describes the knowledge that has been validated or not during the training scenario (3.3.2)
3.4 Simulated items
3.4.1
simulated train
train (3.1.1) controlled by the trainee (3.2.1) in the simulation
3.4.2
controlled train
train (3.1.1) that exists in the simulation but is not controlled by the trainee (3.2.1) (and can be controlled
by the other trainees or the instructor (3.2.2) for a specific action or purpose)
3.4.3
automatic managed train
running train (3.1.1) that exists in the simulation for realism but is not controlled by the trainee (3.2.1),
the other trainees or by orders from the instructor (3.2.2)
3.4.4
simulated line and environment
all the necessary parts of the guided transport system that are needed to drive the train (3.1.1) correctly
and all the objects that are outside the guided transport system
Note 1 to entry: The term includes all guided transport system infrastructure and the outside environment.
Note 2 to entry: The guided transport system infrastructure includes:
— tracks (with their geometrical characteristics, curves, slopes and straight sections);
— power distribution systems (e.g. catenary, third rail, charging stations);
ISO 23019:2022(E)
— signalling systems used by drivers (e.g. signalling, switch and level-cross junctions (switch/point machines),
passenger information equipment);
— passenger platform stations (areas visible to the driver);
— depot and stabling areas.
Note 3 to entry: The outside environment includes:
— static objects outside the guided transport system (e.g. buildings, roads, junctions, crossroads, station
structures (architecture), the landscape (e.g. mountains, green areas, sea));
— dynamic objects (e.g. people (passengers and others), vehicles of all types (e.g. cars, trucks, bicycles));
— weather and time aspects.
3.4.5
simulated event
particular conditions (e.g. environmental, passenger or train behaviour, obstacles, simulated anomaly
(3.4.6), emergencies) that are inserted into a training scenario (3.3.2) in order to test the reaction of a
trainee (3.2.1)
Note 1 to entry: There are two kinds of simulated events:
— programmed simulated events that will automatically occur in a training scenario (under specific conditions
defined in the software or in the training scenario script);
— free simulated events that can be inserted/deleted manually by the instructor (3.2.2) at any time during
the running of the training scenario and activated immediately or under specific conditions (time, speed,
weather or other conditions).
3.4.6
simulated anomaly
reproduction in the simulation of an abnormal item or behaviour on the transport system (e.g. a fault on
a train (3.1.1), signal system, tracks)
3.5 Visual characteristics and functions
3.5.1
computer-generated imagery
CGI
graphical reproduction of still or animated visual contents with real-time image generating software
3.5.2
visibility
perception of the simulated items at a specified distance on the simulated line or environment typically
from the driver (seated) position in the rolling stock
Note 1 to entry: The simulated items can be affected by the location of the driver (in the simulated train) on
the line and can change based on the distance from the object (near or far), the perception of the driver can be
affected by other simulated objects in the line of sight or due to simulated weather conditions and can change
during day or night conditions.
3.5.3
clarity
clearness of the simulated items on the simulation graphical display device
3.5.4
anti-aliasing
technologies that are used to reduce the visual defects of stair-stepped on the image
ISO 23019:2022(E)
3.5.5
field of view
FOV
extent (in horizontal and vertical axis angles) of the observable world that is seen from the viewer’s
position
3.5.6
train field of view
train FOV
extent (in horizontal and vertical axis angles) from the driver-seated position to observe the external
environment
Note 1 to entry: The train FOV defined in the train specifications usually concerns the seated driver position
(focal point) to the front window edges (which defines the angles).
3.5.7
simulator field of view
simulator FOV
result of the output images generated displayed on the visual display system as observed from the
driver-seated position (typically representative of the same result in the real train (3.1.1))
3.6 Simulator items
3.6.1
simulator failure
fault on the simulator or its equipment
Note 1 to entry: It includes failure of the computer, power failure, etc.
3.6.2
simulator log
log of events of simulator usages
Note 1 to entry: Events can include simulator failures (3.6.1) and simulator states
4 Conceptual considerations for simulator
4.1 General
In this clause, the whole concept and the prerequisites for developing a driving simulator for drivers’
training are described, including the purpose, classification, mode and simulated guided transport
system.
A driving simulator is selected according to its target use. It is therefore important to clearly define the
purpose and objectives to be achieved for driver training.
This can influence both the objectives and specifications of the simulator, e.g. choosing whether to use a
generic train or a specific one circulating on a generic line or a specific line for the simulation.
The driving simulator equipment has the potential to affect the health and safety of people who use it.
Therefore, consideration shall be taken of the relevant and safety local rules.
Figure 1 shows a typically categorized conceptual diagram of a simulator (the type with a motion
option).
ISO 23019:2022(E)
Figure 1 — Typically categorized conceptual diagram of simulator
4.2 Purpose of simulator
The purpose(s) of the simulator for training influences the type of simulator needed. Therefore, it is
important to clearly define the purpose before stipulating the specifications of the simulator.
EXAMPLE The purpose of a driver training can be as follows.
— Basic training, including:
— train equipment operation;
— signalling (e.g. signals rules and signal displays);
— railway and outside environment (e.g. line knowledge).
— Advanced training, including:
— operational rules for normal or abnormal conditions;
— special driving condition (e.g. weather, special timetable, passenger density, vehicle simulated anomaly
handling and emergencies);
— practice driver behaviour and reactivity skills.
The use of simulators can be implemented for one instructor for one or more trainee and/or self-
training (without an instructor).
NOTE The simulator also can be used for exam sessions in accordance with local regulations.
4.3 Classification of simulators
Classification of simulators is typically categorized as given in Table 1.
The types and scope of classification of simulators depend on the training purpose and budget.
ISO 23019:2022(E)
Then, Table 1 shows the typical classification of simulators as a guidance to introduce simulators.
Required functions and performances of simulators are described in the Clause 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.
Table 1 — Classification of simulators
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
Replica cabin Full scale desktop Customized desktop Light desktop
General descrip- Replica of the inside Reproduction of the Physical or virtu- Virtualized main con-
tion of the full driver cabin interior functional alized main driver trol equipment. Some
structure including components of the equipment with the can be physical if nec-
interior functional driver cabin similar possibility of different essary (main function
components as in the to the real train (full arrangements to the virtualization light
real train (one to one scale and function re- real train, including desktop).
ratio replica cabin). production desktop). reduction of size for
the desk, equipment,
cabinets, front screen
(main function cus-
tomized desktop).
Control panels Physical reproduc- Physical or virtual- Physical or virtual- Virtualized control
of the main driv- tion of all the control ized reproduction of ized control equip- equipment. Some can
er desk equipment with same all the control equip- ment with a possible be physical if neces-
spatial arrangement ment with similar compact arrangement. sary. Some equipment
and same shape and spatial arrangement can be shared by the
size as in the real as in the real train. same device.
train.
Other control Physical or virtual- Physical or virtual- If necessary, phys- If necessary, virtual-
Panels ized reproduction ized reproduction ical or virtualized ized control equip-
of all the control of necessary control reproduction of the ment can be shared by
equipment with same equipment. control equipment the same device as for
spatial arrangement with possible compact the main driver desk.
as in the real train. arrangement.
Control equip- The behaviour of con- The behaviour of control equipment reproduced in the simulator is
ment behaviour trol equipment repro- similar to the reaction and display of the real train.
duced in the simulator
is the same as the
reaction and display
of the real train.
Driver external Reproduction of the cabin views of the ex- Reproduction of the cabin views of the ex-
environment ternal environment from the driver position ternal environment from the driver position.
viewpoint with similar train FOV. Front external envi- Front external environment view is manda-
ronment view is mandatory. Other views can tory. Possible reduced train FOV. Other views
be required as necessary. can be required as necessary.
External en- All necessary audio elements and effects of the simulated train and simulated line and envi-
vironmental ronment
effects (audio,
All necessary visual objects and effects of the simulated line and environment
visual, motion
Motion effects are Motion effects are Motion effects are No motion effects
effects)
possible but not man- possible but not man- possible but not man- required
datory (mandatory for datory (mandatory for datory (mandatory for
Type 1-A) Type 2-A) Type 3-A)
NOTE 1: Various motion systems and degrees of freedom levels are possible based on training purposes and budget.
NOTE 2: If motion system is provided, an A is added to the end of the type. For example, a Type 1 simulator with motion is a
Type 1-A.
NOTE 3: Type 1-A, Type 2-A and Type 3-A include the specification with motion system.
ISO 23019:2022(E)
4.4 Simulator operating modes
4.4.1 General
The operating modes define the different ways to operate a simulator.
Two different operating modes can be listed: training mode and supporting mode, as specified in
Figure 2.
Figure 2 — Simulator operating mode
Required functions for the training mode are described in Clause 5 and required functions for the
supporting mode are described in Clause 6. Common requirements for hardware and interfaces for
both modes are described in Clause 7.
4.4.2 Training mode
4.4.2.1 General
Training mode is the simulator operating mode for teaching a trainee how to operate a train. The
transition of states for the training mode are typically as shown in Figure 3.
ISO 23019:2022(E)
NOTE 1 Replay is independent to the real-time simulation.
NOTE 2 The neutral position of motion is the centre positions of moving range at each degree of freedom.
Figure 3 — Transition of states for the training mode
4.4.2.2 Initialize state
The initialize state is the state in which:
— initial conditions are being set when a pre-set training scenario (free driving mode) is not used;
— the pre-set training scenario selected is loading.
At the end of the previous actions, among other things:
— all simulated items are initialized;
— motion goes to neutral position;
— the scene database is loaded.
— the simulator is ready for real-time simulation execution.
4.4.2.3 Operate state
Operate state is the state in which the real-time simulation execution with/without training scenario is
conducted with a manual or automatic simulated event generation or not.
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4.4.2.4 Pause state
Pause state is the state in which the real-time simulation execution is suspended to provide instructions/
change conditions or to end the real-time simulation execution.
4.4.2.5 Replay state
Replay state is the state in which the data recorded during the training session (e.g. video, sounds,
simulator internal camera) are displayed offline from the real-time simulation execution (in order for
the instructor and trainees to review it together).
NOTE Replay function reads and displays an output of video or data files (e.g. mp4, mpeg). Replay function
can be performed on the simulator or other locations. For simulators with motion, replay cannot reproduce the
movements of motion systems.
4.4.3 Supporting mode
4.4.3.1 General
Supporting mode is the simulator operating mode for the administration of the use of the simulator or
for the maintenance of the simulator, as specified in Figure 4.
In this mode, the user can have access to different tools (e.g. training scenario editor, line editor).
NOTE Functions of the supporting mode are sometimes operated while the training mode is run.
Figure 4 — Supporting mod
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