SIST EN ISO 472:2014
(Main)Plastics - Vocabulary (ISO 472:2013)
Plastics - Vocabulary (ISO 472:2013)
ISO 472:2013 defines terms used in the plastics industry, including terms and definitions appearing in plastics standards (of ISO/TC 61) and general terms and definitions of polymer science used in all aspects of plastics technology.
In addition to terms in English and French (two of the three official ISO languages), this vocabulary includes the equivalent terms in German; these have been included under the responsibility of the member body for Germany (DIN). However, only the terms and definitions in the official languages can be considered as ISO terms and definitions.
Kunststoffe - Fachwörterverzeichnis (ISO 472:2013)
Diese Internationale Norm legt Begriffe aus der Kunststoffindustrie fest, einschließlich der Begriffe und
Definitionen, die in Kunststoffnormen (des ISO/TC 61) erscheinen, und der allgemeinen Begriffe und Definitionen aus der Polymerwissenschaft, die in allen Bereichen der Kunststoff-Technologie verwendet werden.
Plastiques - Vocabulaire (ISO 472:2013)
L'ISO 472:2013 définit les termes utilisés dans l'industrie des plastiques, y compris les termes et définitions apparaissant dans les normes plastiques (de l'ISO/TC 61) ainsi que les termes généraux et définitions de la science des polymères utilisés dans tous les aspects de la technologie des plastiques.
En complément des termes en anglais et en français (deux des trois langues officielles de l'ISO), le présent vocabulaire comprend les termes équivalents en allemand; ceux-ci ont été inclus sous la responsabilité du comité membre de l'Allemagne (DIN). Cependant, seuls les termes et définitions dans les langues officielles peuvent être considérés comme des termes et définitions ISO.
Polimerni materiali - Slovar (ISO 472:2013)
Ta mednarodni standard opredeljuje izraze, v rabi v industriji polimernih materialov, vključno z izrazi in opredelitvami, ki se pojavljajo v standardih v zvezi s polimernimi materiali (ki jih pripravlja ISO/TC 61) ter splošnimi izrazi in opredelitvami glede polimernih materialov, ki se uporabljajo v vseh vidikih tehnologije polimernih materialov.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2014
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 472:2002
Polimerni materiali - Slovar (ISO 472:2013)
Plastics - Vocabulary (ISO 472:2013)
Kunststoffe - Fachwörterverzeichnis (ISO 472:2013)
Plastiques - Vocabulaire (ISO 472:2013)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 472:2013
ICS:
01.040.83 Gumarska industrija in Rubber and plastics
industrija polimernih industries (Vocabularies)
materialov (Slovarji)
83.080.01 Polimerni materiali na Plastics in general
splošno
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 472
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
February 2013
ICS 01.040.83; 83.080.01 Supersedes EN ISO 472:2001
English Version
Plastics - Vocabulary (ISO 472:2013)
Plastiques - Vocabulaire (ISO 472:2013) Kunststoffe - Fachwörterverzeichnis (ISO 472:2013)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 July 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 472:2013: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword . 3
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 472:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61 "Plastics" in
collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 249 “Plastics” the secretariat of which is held by NBN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by August 2013.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 472:2001.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 472:2013 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 472:2013 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 472
NORME
Fourth edition
Quatrième édition
INTERNATIONALE 2013-02-01
Plastics — Vocabulary
Plastiques — Vocabulaire
Reference number
Numéro de référence
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
©
ISO 2013
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2013
The reproduction of the terms and definitions contained in this International Standard is permitted in teaching manuals,
instruction booklets, technical publications and journals for strictly educational or implementation purposes. The conditions
for such reproduction are: that no modifications are made to the terms and definitions; that such reproduction is not permit-
ted for dictionaries or similar publications offered for sale; and that this International Standard is referenced as the source
document.
With the sole exceptions noted above, no other part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the
address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
La reproduction des termes et des définitions contenus dans la présente Norme internationale est autorisée dans les manu-
els d’enseignement, les modes d’emploi, les publications et revues techniques destinés exclusivement à l’enseignement ou
à la mise en application. Les conditions d’une telle reproduction sont les suivantes: aucune modification n’est apportée aux
termes et définitions; la reproduction n’est pas autorisée dans des dictionnaires ou publications similaires destinés à la vente;
la présente Norme internationale est citée comme document source.
À la seule exception mentionnée ci-dessus, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque
forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l’accord
écrit de l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou du comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
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Published in Switzerland/Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
Bibliography .131
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 472 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 1, Terminology.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 472:1999), which has been technically revised.
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
Introduction
In this fourth edition of ISO 472, the terms and definitions have been stored in the Online Browsing
Platform (OBP) where they can be browsed free of charge by members of the public (but not downloaded).
The following information is included for each term in each of the three languages currently available
(English, French and German):
— term ID — unique for each term;
— term;
— definition;
— note (where applicable).
The complete product is available at the following URL. Please copy the link below in your browser:
http://www.iso.org/obp
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 472:2013(E/F)
Plastics — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This International Standard defines terms used in the plastics industry, including terms and definitions
appearing in plastics standards (of ISO/TC 61) and general terms and definitions of polymer science
used in all aspects of plastics technology.
NOTE In addition to terms in English and French (two of the three official ISO languages), this vocabulary
includes the equivalent terms in German; these have been included under the responsibility of the member body
for Germany (DIN). However, only the terms and definitions in the official languages can be considered as ISO
terms and definitions.
2 Terms and definitions
When a term has one or more synonyms, they follow the preferred term. The synonyms are listed in
alphabetical order. Deprecated terms are indicated by “(deprecated)”.
IUPAC rules for source-based names of polymers specify that, when “poly” is followed by more than one
word, parentheses are used. The IUPAC practice is followed in this International Standard. In common
use, the parentheses are often omitted.
For terms involving olefins, the name used commonly in the plastics industry has been utilized rather
than the (scientific) name approved by IUPAC; for example, polyethylene is used as opposed to polyethene.
Some definitions in this International Standard begin with information in angled brackets. This has
been added to indicate limitation of the definition to a particular field.
In the English text, the word class (i.e. “noun”, “verb” or “adjective”) of terms is indicated where necessary
to avoid ambiguity.
2.786
abrasive wear
progressive loss of material from the operating surface of a plastic material resulting
from the cutting or scratching action of an abrasive wheel
2.785
abrasive wheel
small grinding wheel or a roller faced with abrasive paper
2.1666
accelerated-ageing test
short-term test designed to simulate the effects of longer-term service conditions
2.1
accelerator
promoter
substance used in small proportions to increase the reaction rate of a chemical system (reactants, plus
other additives)
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.2
accuracy of the mean
closeness of agreement between the true value and the mean result which would be obtained by applying
an experimental procedure a very large number of times
Note 1 to entry: The smaller the systematic part of the experimental errors which affect the result, the more
accurate is the procedure.
2.4
acrylic plastic
plastic based on polymers made with acrylic acid or a structural derivative of acrylic acid, or their
copolymers with other monomers, the acrylic monomer(s) being in the greatest amount by mass
2.1581
acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber
nitrile rubber
nitrile-butadiene
NBR
range of synthetic rubbers made by the copolymerization of buta-1,3-diene and acrylonitrile
Note 1 to entry: Depending on their acrylonitrile content, these rubbers are oil- and solvent-resistant. Suitably
compounded, they are used as a basis for solvent-borne adhesives. NBR is also available as latices, allowing the
manufacture of dispersion adhesives. Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber can be carboxylated.
2.5
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic
ABS plastic
plastic, based on terpolymers and/or blends of polymers and copolymers, made with acrylonitrile,
butadiene and styrene
2.6
acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate plastic
AMMA plastic
plastic based on copolymers of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate
2.1712
activated sludge
biomass produced in the aerobic treatment of waste water by the growth of bacteria and other
microorganisms in the presence of dissolved oxygen
Note 1 to entry: It is used in the composting of plastics waste.
2.1627
activation
reactivation
provision or restoration of the bonding properties of a dried adhesive coat
2.7
activator
substance used in small proportions to increase the effectiveness of an accelerator
2.8
addition polymer
polymer made by addition polymerization
2.9
addition polymerization
polymerization by a repeated addition process
Note 1 to entry: The repeated addition process takes place without the splitting off of water or other simple molecules.
2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.11
adhere
be in a state of adherence
2.12
adherence
state in which two surfaces are held together by interfacial forces
Note 1 to entry: Adherence can be achieved with or without the use of an adhesive.
2.13
adherend
body that is, or is intended to be, held to another body
Note 1 to entry: “Adherend” is a narrower term than “substrate”.
2.1669
adherend failure
failure of an adhesive bond in the body of an adherend
2.1654
adhesion
state in which two surfaces are held together by interfacial adhesive bonds
2.30
adhesion failure
adhesive failure
failure of an adhesive bond in such a way that the separation appears to be at the adhesive/adherend interface
2.1548
adhesion promoter
coupling agent
substance used in small proportions to increase the adhesion to specific substrates
2.1623
adhesive coat
adhesive layer applied to an adherend
2.1624
adhesive film
adhesive coat separated from the substrate after setting
Note 1 to entry: Adhesive films are used for test purposes.
2.32
adhesive line
glue line (deprecated)
space filled with adhesive between two parts to be bonded or in a bonded product
2.1527
adhesive tape
flexible backing or carrier coated with a pressure-sensitive, moistenable or heat-activatable adhesive
2.33
afterflame
flame which persists after the ignition source has been removed
2.34
afterflame time
length of time for which an afterflame persists under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in seconds.
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.35
afterglow
persistence of glowing combustion after both removal of the ignition source and the cessation of any flaming
2.1269
afterglow time
length of time for which an afterglow persists under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in seconds.
2.1677
agglomerate
shredded and/or granulated plastics material in the form of particles which cling together
2.1632
air pressing
application of pressure to an assembly by means of a flexible cover or bag inflated by
compressed air
2.37
air-assist vacuum thermoforming
vacuum thermoforming process in which partial preforming of a heated sheet is accomplished by air
pressure before vacuum pulldown
2.38
air-slip vacuum thermoforming
vacuum thermoforming process in which a male mould is enclosed in a box, providing an air cushion
to keep the advancing mould from contacting a heated sheet until the end of its travel, at which point
vacuum is applied to destroy the air cushion and pull the sheet against the mould
2.41
allyl polymer
polymer or resin made by polymerization of chemical compounds containing the allyl group
2.43
alternating copolymer
copolymer in the molecules of which two species of monomeric unit are distributed in alternating sequence
2.47
amino resin
resin made by polycondensation of a compound containing amino groups, such as urea or melamine,
with an aldehyde, such as formaldehyde, or an aldehyde-yielding material
Note 1 to entry: Urea-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins are mainly of significance in the
adhesive field.
2.49
amorphous
non-crystalline, or devoid of crystalline structure
2.50
amorphous regions
regions within a polymeric material that, on the basis of X-ray diffraction or other suitable techniques,
do not show any evidence of crystalline structure
2.51
anaerobic adhesive
adhesive that cures in the absence of oxygen, curing being inhibited by the presence of oxygen and
catalysed by metallic ions
4 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.52
angle-head
extruder head fixed at an angle to the axis of the extruder barrel
2.54
aniline-formaldehyde resin
amino resin made by polycondensation of aniline with formaldehyde
2.1051
annealing
heat treatment to reduce stress concentrations
2.1923
annealing
heat treatment of the test specimen to reduce
residual stress in the specimen and thus obtain reproducible test results
2.55
antiblocking agent
substance incorporated in or applied to films to prevent them sticking together during
manufacture, storage or use
2.56
antioxidant
substance used to retard deterioration caused by oxidation
2.58
apparent density
mass divided by the volume of a sample of material, including both permeable and impermeable voids
normally present in the material
2.1648
application time
period of time required for spreading an adhesive on the surfaces specified to be coated
2.1092
applicator roller
roller that transfers a controlled amount of adhesive to a surface
2.1716
apprentice installer
individual who applies polyurethane spray foam on the job site, under
direct supervision of a polyurethane spray installer
2.1270
arc resistance
ability of an electrically insulating material to resist, under specified conditions, the influence of an
electric arc along its surface
Note 1 to entry: The arc resistance is identified by the length of the arc, the absence or presence of a conducting
path, and the burning or damage of the specimen under test.
2.60
area burning rate
area burned per unit time under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in square metres per second.
2.1271
ash, ashes
mineral residue resulting from complete combustion
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.63
assembling
fabricating operations involved in fastening parts together by mechanical devices, adhesives, heat
sealing, welding or other means
2.1272
assembly
unit or structure composed of a combination of materials or products, or both
2.64
assembly
group of parts which has been placed together for bonding or has been bonded
2.65
assembly time
interval between the application of adhesive to the adherends and the application of heat
and/or pressure to initiate the setting process in the assembled joint
2.66
A-stage
early stage in the preparation of certain thermosetting resins, in which the material is still soluble in
certain liquids and still fusible
2.68
atactic polymer
regular polymer, the molecules of which have equal numbers of the possible configurational base units
in a random sequence distribution
2.1379
atactic polypropylene
type of amorphous polypropylene characterized by a head-to-tail succession of monomer units having a
randomly equal and opposite configuration along the polymer “backbone”
Note 1 to entry: The definitions of isotactic, syndiotactic and atactic polypropylene are “ideal” definitions. In
practice, commercial polypropylene always contains a certain amount of atactic material and low-molecular-
mass oligomers.
2.70
autothermal extrusion
adiabatic extrusion
method of extrusion in which the sole source of heat is the conversion of the drive energy through
viscous resistance of the plastic mass in the extruder
2.1719
average cooling rate (non-linear)
rate of cooling by a constant flow of the cooling fluid, calculated by dividing the difference
between the moulding and demoulding temperatures by the time required to cool the mould to the
demoulding temperature
2.598
average molar mass
average relative molecular mass
average of the molar mass or relative molecular mass of a polydisperse polymer
Note 1 to entry: The unit gram per mole is recommended in polymer science for molar mass since then the
numerical values of the molar mass and the relative molar mass of a substance are equal.
Note 2 to entry: Three types of average commonly used are number-average, mass-average and viscosity-average.
6 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.1720
average molecular mass
four types of average molecular mass are defined by the following equations:
∞
()NM×
∑ ii
i=1
M =
number-average molecular mass M :
n
n
∞
N
∑ i
i=1
∞
NM×
()
∑ ii
i=1
M =
mass-average molecular mass M :
w w
∞
NM×
()
∑ ii
i=1
∞
NM×
()
∑ ii
i=1
M =
z-average molecular mass M :
z
z
∞
NM×
∑()ii
i=1
1/a
∞
a+1
NM×
∑()ii
i=1
viscosity-average molecular mass M : M =
v
v
∞
NM×
()
ii
∑
i=1
where N is the number of molecules of species i of molecular mass M and a is the exponent of the
i i
Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation.
2.14
back draft
back taper
counterdraft
reverse taper
slight taper in a mould wall tending to impede removal of a moulding
2.15
backing plate
support plate
plate that supports the cavity block, guide pins, etc.
2.16
baffle
plug or other device fitted in a steam or water channel to divert the melt flow and direct it to
a required path
2.17
bag moulding
process of moulding reinforced plastics in which the consolidation of a material placed over or in a
rigid mould is accomplished by the application of uniform pressure through a flexible membrane, for
example a rubber bag
Note 1 to entry: Also called autoclave moulding, pressure-bag moulding and vacuum-bag moulding, depending on
the means used to force the bag against the material.
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.1678
baling
process in which plastics waste is compacted and secured as a bundle to facilitate handling, storage and
transportation
2.486
ball indentation hardness
quotient of the load on a ball indenter and the surface area of the impression caused by the ball indenter
after a specified time of load application
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in newtons per square millimetre.
2.18
bar mould
multi-impression mould in which the impressions are arranged in rows on separate bars which can be
removed individually
2.19
barrel
cylinder
tube of steel that forms the housing around extruder screws, injection screws or injection plungers
2.1679
batch
quantity of material regarded as a single unit, and having a unique reference
Note 1 to entry: “Batch” is primarily a processing term.
2.20
bead polymerization
pearl poymerization
polymerization in which the monomer is dispersed as relatively large droplets in water or another
suitable inert diluent, resulting in a beadlike product
2.24
binder
component of an adhesive that is primarily responsible for the adhesion and cohesion
2.25
binder
binding agent
material(s), or a mixture of chemical products (ingredients), applied to strands or
filaments (including staple fibres) in order to hold them in a desired arrangement, for example in
chopped-strand mats, continuous-strand mats, surfacing mats and veils or other non-woven fabrics
2.1723
biochemical oxygen demand
BOD
mass concentration of the dissolved oxygen consumed under specified conditions by the aerobic
biological oxidation of a chemical compound or organic matter in water, expressed as milligrams of
oxygen uptake per milligram or gram of test compound
2.1680
biodegradation
degradation caused by biological activity, especially by enzymatic
action, leading to a significant change in the chemical structure of a material
2.1726
biodegradation phase
time, measured in days, from the end of the lag phase of a test until
about 90 % of the maximum level of biodegradation has been reached
8 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.1681
biological recycling
aerobic (composting) or anaerobic (digestion) treatment of biodegradable
plastics waste under controlled conditions using microorganisms to produce, in the presence of oxygen,
stabilized organic residues, carbon dioxide and water or, in the absence of oxygen, stabilized organic
residues, methane, carbon dioxide and water
2.1727
biological treatability
potential of a material to be aerobically composted or anaerobically biogasified
2.1573
bitumen
asphalt
very viscous liquid or solid consisting essentially of hydrocarbons and their derivatives
Note 1 to entry: Bitumen is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is substantially non-volatile and softens gradually when
heated. It is black or brown in colour and possesses waterproofing and adhesive properties. It is one of the products
of refining petroleum and is also found as a natural deposit and as a component of naturally occurring asphalt.
2.28
blast finishing
process of removing flash from mouldings and/or dulling their surfaces by directing a stream of material,
such as steel balls, walnut shells or plastic pellets, at the mouldings with sufficient force to fracture the
flash or to dull the surface
2.29
blister
elevation of the surface of varied contours and dimensions, with a cavity beneath it
2.72
block
portion of a polymer molecule, comprising many constitutional units, that has at least one constitutional
or configurational feature not present in the adjacent portions
Note 1 to entry: The definitions that relate to “polymer” can also be applied to “block”.
2.73
block copolymer
polymer containing blocks of more than one constitutional type
2.78
blocked curing agent
curing or hardening agent temporarily rendered unreactive, which can be reactivated as desired by
physical or chemical means
2.79
blocking
unintentional adherence between sheet materials
2.80
bloom
visible exudation or efflorescence on a surface
Note 1 to entry: Bloom can be caused by, e.g. lubricants or plasticizers.
Note 2 to entry: In some cases, it will adversely affect coalescence.
2.81
blow moulding
method of forming hollow objects by inflating a parison into a mould with compressed gas
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.82
blowing agent
substance used to cause expansion in the manufacture of hollow or cellular articles
Note 1 to entry: Blowing agents can be compressed gases, volatile liquids or chemicals that decompose or react
to form a gas.
2.83.1
blow-up ratio
ratio of the diameter of the parison to the maximum diameter of the cavity in which
it is to be blown
2.83.2
blow-up ratio
ratio of the extrusion die diameter to the diameter of the blown tube
2.88
bond strength
force necessary to bring an adhesive joint to the point of failure, with failure occurring in, or near, the
plane of the bond line
2.85
bond, noun
joint between adherends achieved by means of an adhesive
2.1610
bondability
ability of a substrate to form a bond of specified properties with a specified adhesive under specified
conditions
2.1606
bonding range
bonding life
period of time for which an adhesive coat is capable of forming a bond under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: The bonding range characterizes the interval of time between the minimum and the maximum
open assembly time of a particular adhesive.
2.1612
bonding surface
faying surface
portion of a surface that is prepared for bonding to another prepared surface or to a clean surface
2.89
boss
raised area on the surface of a moulding
2.91
branch
oligomeric or polymeric offshot from a macromolecular chain
2.92
branched polymer
polymer composed of molecules having a branched structure, which is chainlike either between branch
junctions or between each chain end and a branch junction
Note 1 to entry: The branches are composed of mers.
2.1464
break
any fissure through the full thickness of the material
10 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.94
breaker plate
perforated plate in an extruder which can support a screen pack
2.1098
breaking force
force necessary to bring an adhesive joint to the point of failure irrespective of the mode of failure
2.97
breathing
operation of opening of a mould or press for a very short period of time at an early stage in the process of cure
Note 1 to entry: Breathing allows the escape of gas or vapour from the moulding material and reduces the tendency
of thick mouldings to blister.
2.99
brittleness temperature
temperature at which there is a 50 % probability of failure in a specimen when tested by the method
specified in ISO 974
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in degrees Celsius.
2.100
B-stage
intermediate stage in the reaction of certain thermosetting resins in which the material swells when in
contact with certain liquids and softens when heated, but might not dissolve or fuse entirely
2.101
bulk compression
isotropic compression
volume compression
relative decrease in volume caused by hydrostatic pressure
ΔV
Bulk compressionχ=
V
Note 1 to entry: It is dimensionless.
2.102
bulk density
apparent density of powders, pellets, granules, etc.
2.103
bulk factor
ratio of the volume of a given mass of moulding material to its volume in the moulded form
Note 1 to entry: The bulk factor is also equal to the ratio of the density of the material in its moulded form to its
apparent density in the unmoulded form.
2.104
bulk modulus
quotient of hydrostatic pressure by bulk compression
Bulk modulusKp= /χ
where
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
p is the hydrostatic pressure;
χ is the bulk compression.
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in pascals.
2.1055
bulk moulding compound
BMC
product composed of thoroughly mixed resins and chopped reinforcing fibres, with or without particulate
fillers, supplied in mass form and capable of being moulded under heat and pressure
Note 1 to entry: In bulk moulding compounds, high viscosity is achieved by chemical thickeners.
2.105
bulk polymerization
polymerization in which the monomer (gas, liquid or solid) is in a homogeneous phase without solvent
or dispersing medium
2.1728
bulk wave
mode of propagation of an acoustic wave in a material whose boundaries
normal to the direction of propagation are infinitely remote
2.107
burn, intransitive verb
undergo combustion
2.106
burn, noun
trace of local thermal decomposition resulting in a variation of colour which can go as far as blackening
Note 1 to entry: Such a defect can cause distortion or destruction of the surface of a moulded part or an
extruded section.
2.108
burned area
that part of the damaged area of a material that has been destroyed by combustion or pyrolysis under
specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: See also “damaged area”.
Note 2 to entry: It is expressed in square metres.
2.1273
burned length
maximum extent in a specified direction of the burned area
Note 1 to entry: See also “damaged length”.
Note 2 to entry: It is expressed in metres.
2.109
burning behaviour
all the physical and/or chemical changes that take place when an item is exposed to a specified
ignition source
12 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.854
burning rate (deprecated)
rate of burning (deprecated)
see “area burning rate”, “linear burning rate”, “mass burning rate”, “flame spread rate”, “heat-release
rate”, as appropriate
2.1274
bursting
violent rupture of an object due to an overpressure within it or upon it
Note 1 to entry: In English, bursting due to stresses generated within a material is referred to as “shattering”.
2.111
cabled yarn
two or more folded yarns (or, alternatively, one folded and one single yarn) twisted
together in one or more folding operations
2.112
calender
machine that has a series of heated rolls, arranged in pairs, the rolls in each pair turning in opposite directions
Note 1 to entry: A calender is used to produce film, sheeting, coated substrates or laminates, the thickness being
determined by adjustment of the gap between the last pair of rolls.
2.1484
calibration
set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values indicated by
a measurement instrument or measurement system and values corresponding to appropriate standards
or known values derived from such standards
2.1291
calorific value
see “heat of combustion”
2.116
carbon fibre precursor
organic fibres which can be converted to carbon fibres by pyrolysis
Note 1 to entry: Precursors are usually in the form of continuous yarn, but can be woven or knitted fabric,
braid, mat or felt.
2.1043
carbonization
heat treatment in an inert atmosphere to convert a carbon fibre precursor into carbon fibre
2.117
carboxymethyl cellulose
CMC
glycolic acid ether of cellulose
2.1608
carrier
flexible material to which an adhesive is applied
Note 1 to entry: A carrier can be, e.g. a film, a fabric, a foil or paper. For the carrier in single-sided tape, the term
“backing” is used.
2.118
casein
CS
protein material precipitated from skimmed milk by the action either of rennet or dilute acid
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.119
cast film
film made by depositing a layer of plastic, which is molten, in a solution or in a dispersion, on to a surface,
allowing it to solidify and then removing the film from the surface
2.120
casting
process in which a liquid or viscous material is poured or otherwise introduced into a mould or on to a
prepared surface to solidify without the use of external pressure
2.121
casting resin
resin in liquid form that can be poured or otherwise introduced into a mould and shaped without
pressure into a solid article
2.122
catalyst
substance, used in small proportions, that augments the rate of a chemical reaction and remains
unchanged chemically at the end of the reaction
2.1729
cavity
that part of the hollow space in a mould that produces one moulding
2.1730
cavity pressure at hold
pressure on the material in a mould cavity during the pressure hold period of the moulding process,
measured centrally near the gate or the inner surface of the cavity
2.126
cellular plastic
expanded plastic
foamed plastic
plastic the density of which is reduced by the presence of numerous small cavities (cells), interconnecting
or not, dispersed throughout the mass
Note 1 to entry: A cellular plastic (foamed plastic) is often simply called a foam.
2.128
cellulose acetate
CA
acetic acid ester of cellulose
2.129
cellulose acetate butyrate
CAB
mixed acetic and butyric acid ester of cellulose
2.130
cellulose acetate propionate
CAP
mixed acetic and propionic acid ester of cellulose
2.131
cellulose nitrate
CN
nitric acid ester of cellulose
14 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.132
cellulose propionate
CP
propionic acid ester of cellulose
2.133
cellulosic plastic
plastic based on derivatives of cellulose
2.1486
centre of percussion
point on a pendulum at which a perpendicular impact in the plane
of swing does not cause reaction forces at the axis of rotation of the pendulum
2.134
centrifugal casting
process of forming hollow cylindrical products by rotating about one axis at high speed a mould
containing a fluid monomer, prepolymer or polymer dispersion and maintaining the rotation while
solidifying the polymeric material by suitable means, such as heating
2.135
centrifugal moulding
process of forming hollow cylindrical products by rotating about one axis at high speed a mould containing
a dry fusible powder and maintaining the rotation while fusing the polymer by the application of heat
2.137
chain transfer
chemical reaction usually occurring during chain polymerization, in which an active macromolecule
transfers the reactive functional species to another molecule and becomes itself inactive
2.138
chain-transfer polymerization
chain polymerization in which the chain-growth reaction frequently proceeds through a chain-
transfer process
2.139
chalking
appearance of a powdery residue on a surface
2.1294
char length
length of carbonaceous residue along a burning-behaviour test specimen
Note 1 to entry: See also “burned length”.
Note 2 to entry: In some standards, char length is defined by a specific test method.
2.1292
char, noun
carbonaceous residue resulting from pyrolysis or incomplete combustion
2.1293
char, verb
form a carbonaceous residue during pyrolysis or combustion
2.1482
characteristic length
size of the plastic deformation zone around the crack tip, required for
checking fulfilment of the size criteria
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.1418
Charpy notched impact strength
impact energy absorbed in breaking a notched specimen, referred to the
original cross-sectional area of the specimen at the notch
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in kilojoules per square metre.
2.1417
Charpy unnotched impact strength
impact energy absorbed in breaking an unnotched specimen, referred to the
original cross-sectional area of the specimen
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in kilojoules per square metre.
2.141
chemically foamed plastic
cellular plastic in which the cells are formed by gases generated from thermal decomposition or chemical
reaction of the constituents
2.142
chill-roll extrusion
process of extruding film and sheeting in which a molten extrudate is cast on to a cooled roll
2.1295
chimney effect
upward movement of hot fire effluent caused by convection currents confined within an essentially
vertical enclosure
Note 1 to entry: This usually draws more air into the fire.
2.145
chlorinated polyethylene
PE-C
polyethylene modified by chlorination of the polymer
2.1571
chlorinated rubber
white powder or fibrous product obtained by the controlled chlorination of natural rubber
Note 1 to entry: Chlorinated rubber is used as a compounding ingredient in solvent adhesives.
2.1585
chloroprene rubber
CR
polychloroprene
range of synthetic rubbers based on polymerized 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene
Note 1 to entry: Polychloroprene, particularly the strong and medium crystallizing grades, is widely used as a
basis for solvent and contact adhesives used both by industry (e.g. the footwear, furniture, construction and car
industries) and by other users. Polychloroprene is also available in the form of a latex for dispersion adhesives.
2.1577
chlorosulfonated polyethylene
CSM
elastomeric material prepared by simultaneous chlorination and chlorosulfonation of polyethylene in
solution using gaseous chlorine and sulfur dioxide
2.146
chopped fibre
short fibre cut from yarn, not held together by any means
Note 1 to entry: The chopped fibre can be sized for incorporation in injection-moulding powders.
16 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.148
chopped strands
short strands cut from continuous-filament strands, not held together by any means
2.147
chopped-strand mat
mat formed of strands cut to a short length, randomly distributed, without intentional orientation, and
held together by a binder
2.1630
clamp, verb
hold an adhesive joint under pressure with clamps during setting of the adhesive
Note 1 to entry: A “cramp” is a particular type of clamp used to exert higher pressure.
2.1652
clamping time
length of time for which an adhesive joint is clamped
2.1655
cleavage
mode of application of a force to a joint between rigid adherends which is not
uniform over the whole area but results in a stress concentrated at one edge
2.1660
cleavage strength
force necessary to bring an adhesive assembly to the point of failure by the application of force in a
cleavage mode
2.1296
clinker
solid agglomerate of residues formed by either complete or incomplete combustion and which may
result from complete or partial melting
2.150
closed cell
cell enclosed totally by its walls and hence non-interconnecting with other cells
2.149
closed-assembly time
interval between assembly of an adhesive joint and the application of heat and/or pressure
to initiate the setting process in the assembled joint
2.151
closed-cell cellular plastic
cellular plastic in which almost all the cells are non-interconnecting
2.152
coated fabric
fabric with an adherent layer of polymeric material on one or both sides, the coated product
remaining flexible
2.153
coating
thin layer of a material applied by a coating process
2.154
coating process
process of applying a thin layer of a material in the form of a fluid or powder to a substrate
ISO 472:2013(E/F)
2.156
coefficient of linear thermal expansion
reversible change in length of a material per unit length per degree change in temperature
Note 1 to entry: The value may vary for different temperature ranges.
2.157
coefficient of twist contraction
change in length of a yarn attributable to the twist, expressed a
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