21.120 - Shafts and couplings
ICS 21.120 Details
Shafts and couplings
Wellen. Kupplungen
Arbres et accouplements
Gredi in sklopke
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 21.120 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Shafts and couplings". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 107 standards classified under ICS 21.120 (Shafts and couplings). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies, for right angle couplers, swivel couplers, sleeve couplers and parallel couplers working by friction:
- materials;
- design requirements;
- strength classes with different structural parameters including values for resistance and stiffness;
- test procedures;
- assessment;
and gives:
- recommendations for ongoing production control.
These couplers are intended for use in temporary works equipment for example in scaffolds erected in accordance with EN 12811-1 and falsework erected in accordance with EN 12812.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
To cover requirements for boxes and enclosures with provision for suspension means
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To cover requirements for boxes and enclosures with provision for suspension means
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This document sets out the requirements for evaluating hard and soft bearing balancing machines that support and rotate: a) rotors with rigid behaviour at balancing speed (as described in ISO21940-11); b) rotors with shaft elastic behaviour and balanced in accordance with low speed balancing procedures (as described in ISO21940-12).
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This document specifies:
— materials;
— design requirements;
— specified values for resistances and stiffnesses which a coupler has to achieve under test;
— test procedures and assessment;
for the following special couplers:
— screw or wedge half couplers, sleeve couplers with shear studs, right angle reduction couplers and swivel reduction couplers.
It gives recommendations for ongoing production control.
These couplers are for use principally in temporary works. Each coupler is able to be fixed to at least one side to one 48,3 mm diameter steel or aluminium tube. For the other side of reduction couplers, this document specifies requirements for the diameter and wall thickness of tubes.
Other special half couplers such as half couplers attached by riveting, used mainly for prefabricated members of scaffolds, are outside the scope of this document.
NOTE Information on design using special couplers is given in Annex B.
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This document provides the data and indications necessary for the design and manufacture of straight (non-helical) side-fitting cylindrical involute splines.
Limiting dimensions, tolerances, manufacturing deviations and their effects on the fit between connecting coaxial spline elements are defined in the formulae and given in the tables. Unless otherwise specified, linear dimensions are expressed in millimetres and angular dimensions in degrees.
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This document provides data, guidance and requirements for the inspection of straight (non-helical) side fitting cylindrical involute splines.
Limiting dimensions, tolerances, manufacturing deviations and their effects on the fit between connecting coaxial spline elements are defined and tabulated. Linear dimensions are expressed in millimetres and angular dimensions in degrees.
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This document specifies geometry and inspection dimensions for the design and manufacture of straight (non-helical) side-fitting cylindrical involute splines.
Limiting dimensions, tolerances, manufacturing errors and their effects on the fit between connecting coaxial spline elements are defined and tabulated. Linear dimensions are expressed in millimetres and angular dimensions in degrees.
The specified diameters for external splines in the geometry tables and the values in the inspection dimension tables are only valid for fundamental deviation "h".
For fundamental deviations other than "h", diameters and tooth thicknesses are calculated for external splines according to the formulae in ISO 4156-1 and inspection dimensions according to the formulae in ISO 4156-3.
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This document provides data, guidance and requirements for the inspection of straight (non-helical) side fitting cylindrical involute splines. Limiting dimensions, tolerances, manufacturing deviations and their effects on the fit between connecting coaxial spline elements are defined and tabulated. Linear dimensions are expressed in millimetres and angular dimensions in degrees.
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This document provides the data and indications necessary for the design and manufacture of straight (non-helical) side-fitting cylindrical involute splines. Limiting dimensions, tolerances, manufacturing deviations and their effects on the fit between connecting coaxial spline elements are defined in the formulae and given in the tables. Unless otherwise specified, linear dimensions are expressed in millimetres and angular dimensions in degrees.
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This document specifies geometry and inspection dimensions for the design and manufacture of straight (non-helical) side-fitting cylindrical involute splines. Limiting dimensions, tolerances, manufacturing errors and their effects on the fit between connecting coaxial spline elements are defined and tabulated. Linear dimensions are expressed in millimetres and angular dimensions in degrees. The specified diameters for external splines in the geometry tables and the values in the inspection dimension tables are only valid for fundamental deviation "h". For fundamental deviations other than "h", diameters and tooth thicknesses are calculated for external splines according to the formulae in ISO 4156-1 and inspection dimensions according to the formulae in ISO 4156-3.
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ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the acceptance specifications for the ultrasonic examination of forged steel crankshafts. This practice is applicable to both solid (slab) forged and continuous grain flow crankshafts. Specimens shall be divided into three volumetric zones, namely: the major critical sections (Zone 1), which includes the heavily loaded areas of the crankpins, webs, and main bearings; the minor critical sections (Zone 2), which includes the balance of the surface areas of the main bearing and crankpin journals and adjacent fillets, flanges, and gear fit areas; and Zone 3, which includes the balance of the crankshaft, and the remaining sections of the webs. The crankshafts shall be examined after heat treatment, but before machining geometric features such as chamfers and oil holes. Acceptance zones and criteria for both types of crankshafts are discussed briefly.
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the ultrasonic inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [100 mm] or larger in diameter.
1.2 This specification covers the testing equipment required and the test procedure to be followed, and it defines the critical and noncritical areas and limits of acceptance.
1.3 This specification is intended to cover both continuous grain flow (CGF) crankshafts for medium and high speed diesel engines as well as solid (slab) forged crankshafts for other applications.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI (metric) units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the inch-pound units shall be used.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies the rules and graphical symbols for the representations of splines and serrations in technical product documentation.
Two methods of representation are specified:
a) complete representation;
b) simplified representation.
The rules and graphical symbols specified in this document are applicable to detail drawings of parts (shafts and hubs) and to assembly drawings of joints.
NOTE For uniformity, all the figures in this document have been drawn in the first-angle orthographic projection. A third-angle orthographic projection could equally have been used without prejudice to principles established.
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This document provides a general background to balancing technology, as used in the ISO 21940 series, and directs the reader to the appropriate parts of the series that include vocabulary, balancing procedures and tolerances, balancing machines and machine design for balancing. Individual procedures are not included here as these can be found in the appropriate parts of ISO 21940.
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This document specifies the rules and graphical symbols for the representations of splines and serrations in technical product documentation.
Two methods of representation are specified:
a) complete representation;
b) simplified representation.
The rules and graphical symbols specified in this document are applicable to detail drawings of parts (shafts and hubs) and to assembly drawings of joints.
NOTE For uniformity, all the figures in this document have been drawn in the first-angle orthographic projection. A third-angle orthographic projection could equally have been used without prejudice to principles established.
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This document specifies the rules and graphical symbols for the representations of splines and serrations in technical product documentation. Two methods of representation are specified: a) complete representation; b) simplified representation. The rules and graphical symbols specified in this document are applicable to detail drawings of parts (shafts and hubs) and to assembly drawings of joints. NOTE For uniformity, all the figures in this document have been drawn in the first-angle orthographic projection. A third-angle orthographic projection could equally have been used without prejudice to principles established.
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IEC 60744:2018 provides requirements and recommendations for the design, construction and test of safety logic assemblies used in safety systems to perform category A safety functions (in accordance with IEC 61226). Safety logic assemblies include logic such as the hardwired logic assembly interfacing computer-based systems to switchgear, actuators or contactors to provide trip or engineered safety feature actuations. Safety logic assemblies are significant parts of a safety system and may include voting logic between redundant channels. This document provides a general description of safety logic assemblies for safety actuators control. The principles to meet dependability objectives are presented. The main features relating to the design requirements are described and explained.
This new edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) update of the references to standards published or revised since the issue of the first edition of the current standard, including IEC 61513 and IEC 61226;
b) additional requirements for operational and maintenance bypass use; requirements of voting logic; and others.
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ISO 16084:2017 specifies requirements and provides calculations for the permissible static and dynamic residual unbalances of rotating single tools and tool systems. It is based on the guideline that unbalance related centrifugal forces induced by the rotational speed do not harm the spindle bearings, as well as prevent unbalance related impairments of machining processes, tool life and work piece quality. NOTE 1 Tools and tool systems covered by ISO 16084:2017 are, for example, those with hollow taper interfaces (HSK) according to ISO 12164-1 and ISO 12164-2, modular taper interface with ball track system according to the ISO 26622 series polygonal taper interface according to the ISO 26623 series, taper 7/24 according to ISO 7388-1, ISO 7388-2, ISO 9270-1 and ISO 9270-2 related to their individual operating speed. Modular tool systems are another important and complex issue of ISO 16084:2017. Calculations and process descriptions for balancing these components and the assembled tool systems are included. ISO 16084:2017 is putting an important focus on the possible clamping dislocations of tool shanks and their effects on the balancing procedure. These dislocations can occur between a tool or a tool system and the machine tool spindle (e.g. with every tool change), as well as within a modular tool system during its assembly. NOTE 2 Unfavourable process or system conditions (e.g. partial resonances of the machine structure generated by particular rotational speeds) or design and machine-related technical conditions (e.g. the projecting length of the axes, narrow space conditions, vibration susceptible devices, clamping devices and tool design) may lead to increased vibration loads and balancing requirements. This is dependent on the individual interaction of the machine and the tool spindle system and cannot be covered by a standard. A deviation from the recommended limit values of ISO 16084:2017 can be required in individual cases. NOTE 3 Wear of the shank interfaces may lead to possible variations of the clamping situation and thus to worse run-out and balancing conditions. These errors cannot be specifically addressed in a standard.
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ISO 21940-2:2017 defines terms on balancing. It complements ISO 2041, which is a general vocabulary on mechanical vibration and shock.
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ISO 21940-11:2016 establishes procedures and unbalance tolerances for balancing rotors with rigid behaviour. It specifies a) the magnitude of the permissible residual unbalance, b) the necessary number of correction planes, c) the allocation of the permissible residual unbalance to the tolerance planes, and d) how to account for errors in the balancing process. NOTE In ISO 21940‑14, the assessment of balancing errors is considered in detail. Fundamentals of rotor balancing are contained in ISO 19499 which gives an introduction to balancing. ISO 21940-11:2016 does not cover the balancing of rotors with flexible behaviour. Procedures and tolerances for rotors with flexible behaviour are dealt with in ISO 21940‑12.
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ISO 21940-12:2016 presents typical configurations of rotors with flexible behaviour in accordance with their characteristics and balancing requirements, describes balancing procedures, specifies methods of assessment of the final state of balance, and establishes guidelines for balance quality criteria. ISO 21940-12:2016 can also serve as a basis for more involved investigations, e.g. when a more exact determination of the required balance quality is necessary. If due regard is paid to the specified methods of manufacture and balance tolerances, satisfactory running conditions can be expected. ISO 21940-12:2016 is not intended to serve as an acceptance specification for any rotor, but rather to give indications of how to avoid gross deficiencies and unnecessarily restrictive requirements. Structural resonances and modifications thereof lie outside the scope of this part of ISO 21940. The methods and criteria given are the result of experience with general industrial machinery. It is possible that they are not directly applicable to specialized equipment or to special circumstances. Therefore, in some cases, deviations from this part of ISO 21940 are possible.
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ISO 21940-31:2013 specifies methods for determining machine vibration sensitivity to unbalance and provides evaluation guidelines as a function of the proximity of relevant resonance rotational speeds to the operating speed. ISO 21940-31:2013 is only concerned with once-per-revolution vibration caused by unbalance. It also makes recommendations on how to apply the numerical sensitivity values in some particular cases. It includes a classification system that can be applied to machines which is related to their susceptibility to a change in unbalance. Machines are classified into three types of susceptibility and five ranges of sensitivity. The sensitivity values are intended for use on simple machine systems, preferably with rotors having only one resonance speed over their entire operating speed range. The sensitivity values can also be used for machines that have more resonance speeds in their operating speed range if the resonance speeds are widely separated (e.g. by more than 20 %). The sensitivity values given are not intended to serve as acceptance specifications for any machine group, but rather to give indications regarding how to avoid gross deficiencies as well as specifying exaggerated or unattainable requirements. They can also serve as a basis for more involved investigations (e.g. when in special cases a more exact determination of the required sensitivity is necessary). If due regard is paid to the values given, satisfactory running conditions can be expected in most cases. The consideration of the sensitivity values alone does not guarantee that a given magnitude of vibration in operating is not exceeded. Many other sources of vibration can occur which lie outside the scope of ISO 21940-31:2013.
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This part of ISO 21940 specifies the requirements for the following: a) identifying errors in the unbalance measuring process of a rotor; b) assessing the identified errors; c) taking the errors into account. This part of ISO 21940 specifies balance acceptance criteria, in terms of residual unbalance, for both directly after balancing and for a subsequent check of the balance quality by the user. For the main typical errors, this part of ISO 21940 lists methods for their reduction in an informative annex.
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This part of ISO 21940 specifies requirements for enclosures and other protective measures used to minimize mechanical hazards produced by the rotor in the unbalance measuring station of centrifugal (rotational) balancing machines. The hazards are associated with the operation of balancing machines under a variety of rotor and balancing conditions. This part of ISO 21940 defines different classes of protection that enclosures and other protective measures provide and describes the limits of applicability for each class of protection. Devices for adjusting the mass distribution of a rotor and devices to transfer the rotor are not covered by this part of ISO 21940, even if they are combined with the measuring station. Special enclosure features, such as noise reduction, windage reduction or vacuum (which may be required to spin bladed rotors at balancing speed), are not covered by this part of ISO 21940.
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ISO 21940-32:2012 specifies one convention for balancing the individual components (shaft and fitments) of a keyed rotor assembly. This provides compatibility of all balanced components so that when they have been assembled the overall balance tolerance and/or vibration limit for the rotor assembly is met. ISO 21940-32:2012 specifies that half-keys be used when balancing the individual components of a keyed rotor assembly. It also specifies a marking of the components balanced in accordance with the key convention used. ISO 21940-32:2012 applies to rotors balanced in a balancing machine, in their own bearings or in situ. The key convention can also be applied when measuring the residual unbalance and/or vibration of rotors with keyways, but to which fitments have not yet been assembled. In addition to applying to keys of constant rectangular or square cross-section mounted parallel to the shaft centreline, ISO 21940-32:2012 also applies to keys mounted on tapered shaft surfaces, to woodruff, gibhead, dowel and other special keys. The principle of the half-key convention is applied as is appropriate to the particular shape and location of the special key.
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ISO 21940-13:2012 specifies procedures to be adopted when balancing medium and large rotors installed in their own bearings on site. It addresses the conditions under which it is appropriate to undertake in-situ balancing, the instrumentation required, the safety implications and the requirements for reporting and maintaining records. ISO 21940-13:2012 can be used as a basis for a contract to undertake in-situ balancing. It does not provide guidance on the methods used to calculate the correction masses from measured vibration data.
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Includes principles of design, construction and testing of safety logic assemblies used in protection systems. Gives recommendations for the implementation of the general principles of nuclear reactor instrumentation in IEC 60231A. It includes provisions for acceptance and in-service testing reliability criteria and protection from external influences. Safety logic functions performed within the safety logic assemblies are not included. IEC 60744 is no longer up-to-date and will not be revised by IEC. The standard is maintained for the time being for bibliographical purposes and because it was used in the past for the design of nuclear power plants which are still in operation.
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ISO 14691:2008 specifies the requirements for couplings for the transmission of power between the rotating shafts of two machines for general-purpose applications in the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries. Such applications typically require couplings to transmit power at speeds not exceeding 4 000 r/min, between machines in which the first lateral critical speed is above the running speed range (stiff-shaft machines). ISO 14691:2008 can, by agreement, be used for applications outside these limits.
ISO 14691:2008 is applicable to couplings designed to accommodate parallel (or lateral) offset, angular misalignment and axial displacement of the shafts without imposing excessive mechanical loading on the coupled machines. Couplings covered by ISO 14691:2008 include gear (and other mechanical contact types), metallic flexible-element and various elastomeric types. Such couplings can be of all metal construction or can include components of non-metallic materials, such as composites.
ISO 14691:2008 covers design, materials of construction, inspection and testing of couplings and methods of attachment of the coupling to the shafts (including tapered sleeve and other proprietary devices).
ISO 14691:2008 does not apply to special types of couplings, such as clutch, hydraulic, eddy-current, rigid and radial-spline types.
ISO 14691:2008 does not define criteria for the selection of coupling types for specific applications.
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ISO 10441-2007 specifies the requirements for couplings for the transmission of power between the rotating shafts of two machines in special-purpose applications in the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries. Such applications are typically in large and/or high speed machines, in services that can be required to operate continuously for extended periods, are often unspared and are critical to the continued operation of the installation. By agreement, it can be used for other applications or services.
Couplings covered by ISO 10441-2007 are designed to accommodate parallel (or lateral) offset, angular misalignment and axial displacement of the shafts without imposing unacceptable mechanical loading on the coupled machines. It is applicable to gear, metallic flexible element, quill shaft and torsionally resilient type couplings.
ISO 10441-2007 covers the design, materials of construction, manufacturing quality, inspection and testing of special-purpose couplings.
ISO 10441-2007 does not define criteria for the selection of coupling types for specific applications.
ISO 10441-2007 is not applicable to other types of couplings, such as clutch, hydraulic, eddy-current, rigid, radial spline, chain and bellows types.
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ISO 14691:2008 specifies the requirements for couplings for the transmission of power between the rotating shafts of two machines for general-purpose applications in the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries. Such applications typically require couplings to transmit power at speeds not exceeding 4 000 r/min, between machines in which the first lateral critical speed is above the running speed range (stiff-shaft machines). ISO 14691:2008 can, by agreement, be used for applications outside these limits.
ISO 14691:2008 is applicable to couplings designed to accommodate parallel (or lateral) offset, angular misalignment and axial displacement of the shafts without imposing excessive mechanical loading on the coupled machines. Couplings covered by ISO 14691:2008 include gear (and other mechanical contact types), metallic flexible-element and various elastomeric types. Such couplings can be of all metal construction or can include components of non-metallic materials, such as composites.
ISO 14691:2008 covers design, materials of construction, inspection and testing of couplings and methods of attachment of the coupling to the shafts (including tapered sleeve and other proprietary devices).
ISO 14691:2008 does not apply to special types of couplings, such as clutch, hydraulic, eddy-current, rigid and radial-spline types.
ISO 14691:2008 does not define criteria for the selection of coupling types for specific applications.
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ISO 14694:2003 gives specifications for vibration and balance limits of fans for all applications except those designed solely for air circulation, for example, ceiling fans and table fans. However, it is limited to fans of all types installed with a power of less than 300 kW or to commercially available standard electric motor with a maximum power of 355 kW (following an R20 series). For fans of greater power than this, the applicable limits are those given in ISO 10816 - 3. Where the fans in an installation have varying powers both above and below 300 kW, and have been the subject of a single contract, then the manufacturer and purchaser shall agree on the appropriate standard to be used. This should normally be based on the majority of units. Fan-equipment foundations and installation practices are beyond the scope of ISO 14694:2003. Foundation design and fan installation are not normally the responsibilities of the fan manufacturer. It is fully expected that the foundations upon which the fan is mounted will provide the support and stability necessary to meet the vibration criteria of the fan as it is delivered from the factory. ISO 14694:2003 is intended to cover only the balance or vibration of the fan and does not take into account the effect of fan vibration on personnel, equipment or processes.
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Contains table indicating tolerances on holes and shafts as well as on symmetry, gives directions for gauging such as gauging conditions and gauging control, and specifies control methods and corresponding gauges.
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Gives specifications in order to facilitate communication and understanding. Does not apply to rigid flange or sleeve couplings; torsionally stiff couplings for alignment purposes, all types of slip couplings. Does not give dimensional requirements for either shafts or couplings.
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Contains table indicating tolerances on holes and shafts as well as on symmetry, gives directions for gauging such as gauging conditions and gauging control, and specifies control methods and corresponding gauges.
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This document specifies, for right angle couplers, swivel couplers, sleeve couplers and parallel couplers working by friction:
— materials;
— design requirements;
— strength classes with different structural parameters including values for resistance and stiffness;
— test procedures;
— assessment;
and gives:
— recommendations for ongoing production control.
These couplers are intended for use in temporary works equipment for example in scaffolds erected in accordance with EN 12811 1 and falsework erected in accordance with EN 12812.
- Draft4 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is to be used together with EN 13001-1 and EN 13001-2 and as such they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent mechanical hazards of cranes by design and theoretical verification.
Specific requirements for particular types of cranes are given in the appropriate European standard for the particular crane type.
This document covers shafts (axles) in cranes that are not dealt with by other EN 13001 standards (e.g. pinned connections in EN 13001-3-1). It is not intended for axles being part of standard components, e.g. gearboxes, motors ... however those axles shall be designed using load actions from EN 13001-2 and classification parameters of EN 13001-1.
NOTE EN 13001-3-7 is under preparation for gears and gearboxes and deals with load actions for axles in gear boxes.
The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 7 of this document are necessary to reduce or eliminate risks associated with the following hazards:
- exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
- exceeding temperature limits of material or components.
This document is not applicable to cranes which are manufactured before the date of its publication as EN and serves as reference base for the European standards for particular crane types (see Annex C).
NOTE prEN 13001-3-8 deals only with limit state method in accordance with EN 13001-1.
- Draft78 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is to be used together with EN 13001-1 and EN 13001-2 and as such they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent mechanical hazards of cranes by design and theoretical verification.
Specific requirements for particular types of cranes are given in the appropriate European standard for the particular crane type.
This document covers shafts (axles) in cranes that are not dealt with by other EN 13001 standards (e.g. pinned connections in EN 13001-3-1). It is not intended for axles being part of standard components, e.g. gearboxes, motors ... however those axles shall be designed using load actions from EN 13001-2 and classification parameters of EN 13001-1.
NOTE EN 13001-3-7 is under preparation for gears and gearboxes and deals with load actions for axles in gear boxes.
The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 7 of this document are necessary to reduce or eliminate risks associated with the following hazards:
- exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
- exceeding temperature limits of material or components.
This document is not applicable to cranes which are manufactured before the date of its publication as EN and serves as reference base for the European standards for particular crane types (see Annex C).
NOTE prEN 13001-3-8 deals only with limit state method in accordance with EN 13001-1.
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ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the acceptance specifications for the ultrasonic examination of forged steel crankshafts. This practice is applicable to both solid (slab) forged and continuous grain flow crankshafts. Specimens shall be divided into three volumetric zones, namely: the major critical sections (Zone 1), which includes the heavily loaded areas of the crankpins, webs, and main bearings; the minor critical sections (Zone 2), which includes the balance of the surface areas of the main bearing and crankpin journals and adjacent fillets, flanges, and gear fit areas; and Zone 3, which includes the balance of the crankshaft, and the remaining sections of the webs. The crankshafts shall be examined after heat treatment, but before machining geometric features such as chamfers and oil holes. Acceptance zones and criteria for both types of crankshafts are discussed briefly.
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the ultrasonic inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [100 mm] or larger in diameter.
1.2 This specification covers the testing equipment required and the test procedure to be followed, and it defines the critical and noncritical areas and limits of acceptance.
1.3 This specification is intended to cover both continuous grain flow (CGF) crankshafts for medium and high speed diesel engines as well as solid (slab) forged crankshafts for other applications.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI (metric) units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the inch-pound units shall be used.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This test specification deals with the acceptance specifications for the ultrasonic examination of forged steel crankshafts. This practice is applicable to both solid (slab) forged and continuous grain flow crankshafts. Specimens shall be divided into three volumetric zones, namely: the major critical sections (Zone 1), which includes the heavily loaded areas of the crankpins, webs, and main bearings; the minor critical sections (Zone 2), which includes the balance of the surface areas of the main bearing and crankpin journals and adjacent fillets, flanges, and gear fit areas; and Zone 3, which includes the balance of the crankshaft, and the remaining sections of the webs. The crankshafts shall be examined after heat treatment, but before machining geometric features such as chamfers and oil holes. Acceptance zones and criteria for both types of crankshafts are discussed briefly.
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the ultrasonic inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [100 mm] or larger in diameter.
1.2 This specification covers the testing equipment required and the test procedure to be followed, and it defines the critical and noncritical areas and limits of acceptance.
1.3 This specification is intended to cover both continuous grain flow (CGF) crankshafts for medium and high speed diesel engines as well as solid (slab) forged crankshafts for other applications.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI (metric) units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the inch-pound units shall be used.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This test specification deals with the acceptance specifications for the ultrasonic examination of forged steel crankshafts. This practice is applicable to both solid (slab) forged and continuous grain flow crankshafts. Specimens shall be divided into three volumetric zones, namely: the major critical sections (Zone 1), which includes the heavily loaded areas of the crankpins, webs, and main bearings; the minor critical sections (Zone 2), which includes the balance of the surface areas of the main bearing and crankpin journals and adjacent fillets, flanges, and gear fit areas; and Zone 3, which includes the balance of the crankshaft, and the remaining sections of the webs. The crankshafts shall be examined after heat treatment, but before machining geometric features such as chamfers and oil holes. Acceptance zones and criteria for both types of crankshafts are discussed briefly.
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the ultrasonic inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [100 mm] or larger in diameter.
1.2 This specification covers the testing equipment required and the test procedure to be followed, and it defines the critical and noncritical areas and limits of acceptance.
1.3 This specification is intended to cover both continuous grain flow (CGF) crankshafts for medium and high speed diesel engines as well as solid (slab) forged crankshafts for other applications.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI (metric) units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation, the inch-pound units shall be used.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the ultrasonic inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [100 mm] or larger in diameter.
1.2 This specification covers the testing equipment required and the test procedure to be followed, and it defines the critical and noncritical areas and limits of acceptance.
1.3 This specification is intended to cover both continuous grain flow (CGF) crankshafts for medium and high speed diesel engines as well as solid (slab) forged crankshafts for other applications.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI (metric) units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation, the inch-pound units shall be used.
1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the ultrasonic inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [100 mm] or larger in diameter.
1.2 This specification covers the testing equipment required and the test procedure to be followed, and it defines the critical and noncritical areas and limits of acceptance.
1.3 This specification is intended to cover both continuous grain flow (CGF) crankshafts for medium and high speed diesel engines as well as solid (slab) forged crankshafts for other applications.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI (metric) units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation, the inch-pound units shall be used.
1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
Rules and graphical symbols are given which are applicable to detail drawings of the parts (shafts and hubs) and to assembly drawings of joints. Both methods of the true and simplified representation are specifed. Annex A gives the proportions and dimensions of graphical symbols.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies, for right angle couplers, swivel couplers, sleeve couplers and parallel couplers working by friction:
— materials;
— design requirements;
— strength classes with different structural parameters including values for resistance and stiffness;
— test procedures;
— assessment;
and gives:
— recommendations for ongoing production control.
These couplers are intended for use in temporary works equipment for example in scaffolds erected in accordance with EN 12811 1 and falsework erected in accordance with EN 12812.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 4156-3:2005 provides data and guidance for the inspection of straight (non-helical) side fitting cylindrical involute splines.
- Standard49 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard45 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
ISO 4156-2:2005 specifies geometry and inspection dimensions for the design and manufacture of straight (non-helical) side-fitting cylindrical involute splines.
The specified diameters for external splines in the geometry tables and the values in the inspection dimension tables are only valid for fundamental deviation h.
For fundamental deviations other than h, diameters and tooth thicknesses are calculated for external splines according to the formulae in ISO 4156-1:2005 and inspection dimensions according to the formulae in ISO 4156-3:2005.
- Standard193 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard188 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard188 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off