ISO/TC 159 - Ergonomics

This document specifies requirements and provides recommendations for the selection, usage and dependencies of visual user-interface elements and their application. This document is concerned with visual software components of interactive systems to make human-system interaction usable. This document is applicable regardless of a fixed, portable or mobile interactive system, or cross-device use. It does not provide detailed coverage of the methods and techniques required for design of visual user-interface elements. This document does not address implementation (e.g. graphical design of elements) and interaction details for specific input methods or technologies. It does not cover decorative user-interface elements that are intended to address solely aesthetic (hedonic) qualities in the user interface e.g. background images.

This document specifies requirements and gives guidelines for designing accessible software for people with the widest range of physical, sensory and cognitive abilities, including those who are temporarily or situationally disabled, and the elderly. It addresses software considerations for accessibility that complement general design for usability as addressed by parts of the ISO 9241 series, especially ISO 9241-11 and ISO 9241-210. This document is applicable to the accessibility of interactive systems. It addresses a wide range of software (e.g. home, mobile, office, web, learning support and library systems). It promotes the increased usability of systems for a wider range of users in the widest range of contexts of use. This document does not apply to the behaviour of, or requirements for, assistive technologies (including assistive software), but it does address the use of assistive technologies as an integrated component of interactive systems. It is intended for use by those responsible for the specification, design, development, evaluation and procurement of software platforms and software applications.

This document specifies best practices for considering body size and shape (anthropometry) in design. Since most products, tasks, and environments interact with multiple user attributes at the same time, multivariate design techniques are necessary to obtain accurate accommodation estimates. Although the approach outlined can also incorporate user preference unrelated to anthropometry, the focus in this document is on “fit” and the spatial accommodation of users.

This document describes a procedure for analysing human activity in relation to specifying and refining the human component in the design or redesign of machinery and work systems. NOTE 1 The ergonomics methodology described in this document could also be applied to the design or redesign of products and non-work systems. This document is intended to assist project leaders in implementing human and physical resources, methods and schedules as well as in preparing the documents necessary to meeting related requirements. The ergonomics methodology described can be applied to all different stages in design projects from the earliest concept to the final “prototype” or “mock-up”, whatever the industrial field or sector. The objective of this standard is to achieve a solution that takes into account as many situations as possible which all users - including operators, maintenance staff and installers, may encounter. This will ultimately allow improved usability of the machinery and more robust technical solutions, combined with significantly greater system resilience, user autonomy and accessibility. NOTE 2 Examples of the application of the methodology described in this document are provided in Annex A.

This document specifies the minimum characteristics of instruments for measuring physical quantities characterizing an environment, as well as the methods for measuring the physical quantities of this environment.

This document provides a method for creating conspicuous colour combinations for use in visual signs and displays in which multiple colours are used in various combinations to make them visible and conspicuous to people with colour deficiencies and low vision. This document addresses protanopia and deuteranopia of dichromatic colour vision as typical cases of colour deficiency. This document does not cover tritanopia (another type of dichromatic colour vision) and anomalous trichromatic colour vision (protanomalous, deuteranomalous and tritanomalous) due to a lack of data. This document covers low vision caused by various types of eye diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataract, and others. It does not cover amblyopia, which also brings extremely low visual acuity but is classified differently in the medical field. NOTE "Low vision" includes various types of permanent conditions of reduced visual abilities that cannot be rectified by optical refractive correction, and that are accompanied by extremely low visual acuity or limited visual field, central or peripheral. This document applies to the reflective or object-mode of colours, but can apply to the self-luminous-mode of colours if their colour coordinates are appropriately transferred to those of the object-mode of colours.

This document provides a method for creating conspicuous colour combinations for use in visual signs and displays, taking into account viewer age. It is based on the perceived similarity of colours at photopic and mesopic lighting conditions. This document applies to the design of visual signs and displays in which multiple colours are used so that the colours are conspicuous to people of any age, including older people who do not have deficient colour vision. The method and data in this document are not applicable to the design of visual signs and displays for people with colour deficiencies or medical disorders affecting vision. This document applies to the reflective or object mode colours but may apply to self-luminous mode colours if the colour coordinates are appropriately transferred to those of the object mode colours.

This document specifies a method to evaluate the general thermal comfort of people in a space and the degree of discomfort (thermal dissatisfaction) of people exposed to moderate thermal environments. It defines the analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) and local thermal comfort criteria, giving the environmental conditions considered acceptable for general thermal comfort as well as those representing local discomfort. It is applicable to healthy men and women exposed to indoor environments where thermal comfort is desirable, but where moderate deviations from thermal comfort occur, in the design of new environments or the assessment of existing ones. Although developed specifically for the work environment, this document is applicable to other kinds of environment as well.

This document provides background information and a validated methodology for optical reflection measurements for flat direct view electronic displays. This document includes calculation methods for using measured reflection coefficients to predict display performance in specific indoor and outdoor ambient illumination conditions. This document demonstrates optical measurements of electrophoretic displays (EPDs), as a reflective electronic visual display technology; many methods are also applicable to other appropriate reflective and emissive displays. This document does not include a methodology for ergonomics evaluation.

This document establishes ergonomic design principles for interactive systems related to the software-controlled presentation of information by user interfaces. It applies to the three main modalities (visual, auditory, tactile or haptic) typically used in information and communication technology (ICT). These principles apply to the perception and understanding of presented information. These principles are applicable in the analysis, design and evaluation of interactive systems. This document also provides recommendations corresponding to the principles. The recommendations for each of the principles are not exhaustive and are not necessarily independent from one another. While this document is applicable to all types of interactive systems, it does not cover the specifics of particular application domains which require context-specific recommendations. This document also applies to outputs from interactive systems (such as printed documents and document exports in common computer formats, e.g. pdf, text and tabular formats).

This document describes the common industry format (CIF) for reporting usability evaluations. It provides a classification of evaluation approaches and the specifications for the content items (content elements) to be included in an evaluation report based on the selected evaluation approach(es). The intended users of the usability evaluation reports are identified, as well as the situations in which the usability evaluation report can be applied. The usability evaluation reports in this document are applicable to software and hardware systems and products or services used for predefined tasks (excluding generic products, such as a display screen or a keyboard). The content elements are intended to be used as part of system-level documentation resulting from development processes such as those in ISO 9241-210 and the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7 process standards (e.g. ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 on systems lifecycle management, ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207 on software lifecycle management and ISO/IEC 33001 on process capability assessment).

This document specifies requirements and recommendations for tactile/haptic hardware and software interactions. It provides guidance on the design and selection of hardware, software and combinations of hardware and software interactions, including: — the design or use of tactile/haptic inputs, outputs and/or combinations of inputs and outputs, with general guidance on their design or use as well as on designing or using combinations of tactile and haptic interactions for use in combination with other modalities or as the exclusive mode of interaction; — the tactile/haptic encoding of information, including textual data, graphical data and controls; — the design of tactile/haptic objects; — the layout of tactile/haptic space; — interaction techniques. The recommendations given in this document are applicable to a variety of tactile/haptic devices, representing the real world or virtual or mixed realities (e.g. exoskeletons, wearables, force feedback devices, touchables, tangibles) and stimulation types (e.g. acoustic radiation pressure, electrical muscle stimulation) and they can also be found in virtual and augmented environments. This document provides general information about how various forms of tactile/haptic interaction can be applied to various user tasks. This document does not include guidance on the role of walking in virtual or mixed realities for tactile/haptic interaction. NOTE It is recognized that some interactive scenarios can be constrained by the limitation that a real workspace is to be modelled in a virtual environment. Objects can be in suboptimal positions or conditions for tactile/haptic interaction by virtue of the situation being modelled.

This document describes the “Feedback Method”, a method designed specifically to collect the contribution of machinery end-users by reconstructing and understanding how work is actually performed (i.e. the real work). This method can help to improve technical standards, as well as the design, manufacturing, and use of machinery. By collecting the experiences of skilled users, this method can be used to reconstruct their actual work activities under different operating conditions and with any kind of machine. This helps to identify all the critical aspects having an impact on health and safety, or associated with ergonomic principles. Moreover, it makes it possible to identify some basic elements for defining the standards for machines and for their revision and improvement. It can also improve production efficiency and identify any need for additional study and research. The method is designed to minimize the influence of the subjectivity of the facilitators and researchers in reconstructing and describing the reality of work, and to maximize the “objective” contribution of the skilled users of the machine. The method combines a high level of reproducibility, sensitivity, and user-friendliness with low demands in term of resources, which makes it attractive to micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. This document is addressed to standards writers, designers and manufacturers, employers-buyers, end users, craftsmen and workers, market surveillance and authorities.

This document specifies ergonomic guiding principles which apply to the user requirements, design and procurement of workstation equipment for using interactive systems with visual displays. In particular, the general principles and requirements specified in this document apply to the standards specifying technical design of furniture and equipment constituting the workplace. They are intended for use by product and workstation designers and implementers.

This document gives guidance on design principles and on design of work systems, including task and equipment design (comprising robotics and intelligent autonomous systems) and design of the workplace, as well as working conditions with the inclusion of social and organisational factors, emphasising mental workload and its effects as specified in ISO 10075-1. It applies to the design of work and use of human capacities, with the intention of providing optimal working conditions with respect to health and safety, well-being, performance and effectiveness, preventing overload as well as underload, in order to avoid impairing effects and fostering the facilitating effects described in ISO 10075-1. This document includes the design of technical, organisational and social factors only and does not apply to problems of selection or training. This document does not address problems of measurement of mental workload or its effects. This document refers to all kinds of human work activities (see ISO 10075-1), not only to those which can be described as cognitive or mental tasks in a restricted sense but also to those with a primarily physical workload. This document is applicable to all those engaged in the design and use of work systems, for example system and equipment designers, employers and workers and their representatives, where they exist. This document is applicable to the design of new work systems as well as to the redesign of existing ones undergoing substantial revision.

This document specifies methods for the processing of human body scan data acquired using a 3-D body scanner.

This document identifies ergonomic or human-systems issues and guidance for the development and use of systems involving immersive environments, augmented reality and virtual reality. This includes: a) environments where the user is provided with a perception of being physically present in a virtually-created world; b) environments where the user is represented virtually and can interact in a real-world environment; c) environments involving artificial reality, augmented reality, virtual reality, mixed reality and similar simulated realities; d) computer-generated environments where the user interacts with simulated objects in a manner similar to how the user would interact with the real-world counterparts of these objects. This document is not an exploration of the philosophical, ethical or political issues surrounding the use of immersive environments. This document limits its treatment of the technologies used to create immersive environments to focusing on their interactions with users and does not investigate other aspects of these technologies. The target audience for this document is decision-makers, designers and engineers who would benefit from the consideration of human-systems issues of immersive environments. Futurists, researchers, technology developers, regulators and legislators could also find this document useful.

This document provides statistical summaries of body measurements measured according to ISO 7250-1, together with database background information for working age people prepared according to ISO 15535:2012 in the national populations of individual ISO member bodies. This document also describes the process of the measurement and preparation of statistical summaries.

This document provides guidance on aspects of the design of human-system interaction, including conceptual design, user-system interaction design, user interface design and navigation design for interactive systems. This document applies to all design and development approaches and methodologies, including human-centred design, object-oriented, waterfall, human factors integration (HFI), agile and rapid development. It is intended for the following types of users: — user interface designers, who will apply the guidance during the development process; — developers, who will apply the guidance during the design and implementation of system functionality; — evaluators, who are responsible for ensuring that products meet the recommendations; — designers of user interface development tools and style guides to be used by user interface designers; — project managers, who are responsible for managing development processes.

This document adopts an approach where actions, particularly control measures and medical supervision, are specified as a function of the class of severity of the potential effects. It provides instructions for appropriate management practices for hot workplaces and describes: — a procedure for managing work in hot environments; — guidelines on how to apply the different International Standards in the field of thermal environments when assessing heat-related risks; — guidelines to organize the medical supervision of the people working in hot environments; — information for instructing the persons working in hot environments; — an example of assessment of a hot working situation. The procedure described in this document aims to anticipate the problems related to work in warm to hot environments by classifying the different work situations according to their potential health effects, informing the persons concerned (workers and management) of the seriousness of these effects, planning appropriate measures to be implemented to prevent these effects and providing medical surveillance of exposed persons. This document supports good occupational safety and health practices and is applicable to both indoor and outdoor work situations.

This document provides a procedure for the standard validation and reporting protocol of walking speed measurements by technological sensor systems compared with the values provided by the reference method, namely walking speed as measured by a tape measure and a stopwatch. It does not address the detailed or specific uses of various technological sensor systems in healthcare.

This document describes the knowledge and skill required for an experienced anthropometrist who serves as a measurer in anthropometric surveys or a planner of an anthropometric survey. This document also describes methods to quantify the skill of anthropometrists and to report their performance. This document is not a textbook or manual for anthropometry but can be useful for those who plan and conduct anthropometric surveys as well as designers and technologists who utilize anthropometric data. Methods described in this document can also be applicable to measurements other than those described in ISO 7250-1.

This document specifies general requirements for anthropometric databases and their associated reports that contain measurements taken in accordance with ISO 7250-1. It provides necessary information, such as characteristics of the user population, sampling methods, measurement items and statistics, to make international comparison possible among various population segments. The population segments specified in this document are people who are able to hold the postures specified in ISO 7250-1. NOTE The traditional anthropometry defined in ISO 7250-1 is considered to be a necessary complement to 3-D methods, which are used in some countries. Scanned data are verified according to the definitions given in ISO 7250-1 (see ISO 20685-1). State-of-the-art software allows integration of traditional anthropometric measures with those obtained by 3-D imaging.

This document establishes protocols for testing of 3-D surface-scanning systems in the acquisition of human body shape data and measurements. It does not apply to instruments that measure the motion of individual landmarks. While mainly concerned with whole-body scanners, this document is also applicable to body-segment scanners (head scanners, hand scanners, foot scanners). It applies to body scanners that measure the human body in a single view. When a hand-held scanner is evaluated, the human operator can contribute to the overall error. When systems are evaluated in which the participant is rotated, movement artefacts can be introduced; these can also contribute to the overall error. This document applies to the landmark positions determined by an anthropometrist. It does not apply to landmark positions automatically calculated by software from the point cloud. The quality of surface shape of the human body and landmark positions is influenced by the performance of scanner systems and humans, including measurers and participants. This document addresses the performance of scanner systems by using artefacts rather than human participants as test objects. Traditional instruments are required to be accurate to the millimetre. Their accuracy can be verified by comparing the instrument with a scale calibrated according to an international standard of length. To verify or specify the accuracy of body scanners, a calibrated test object with known form and size is used. The intended audience is those who use 3-D body scanners to create 3-D anthropometric databases, the users of these data, and body scanner designers and manufacturers. This document intends to provide the basis for agreement on the performance of body scanners between scanner users and scanner providers as well as between 3-D anthropometric database providers and data users.

This document specifies the process references model (PRM) for human-centred design (HCD) according to ISO 9241-220, as well as the process assessment model (PAM) for assessing these processes, based on ISO/IEC 33020 and in accordance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 33004. This HCD PAM contains a set of indicators to be considered while interpreting the intent of the HCD PRM defined in ISO 9241-220. These indicators can also be applied when implementing a process improvement programme post an assessment. NOTE 1 The PRM in this document focuses on assessing HCD processes rather than system life cycle, for example as in ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, or software life cycle, as in ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207. NOTE 2 If processes beyond the scope of ISO 9241-220 are required, appropriate processes from other PRMs, such as ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207, ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 or ISO/TS 18152, can be added based on the business needs of the organization. The intended application of this document is computer-based interactive systems. While the processes apply to interactive systems that deliver services, they do not cover the design of those services. The relevant aspects of the processes can also be applied to simple or non-computer-based interactive systems. NOTE 3 HCD concentrates on the human-centred aspects of design and not on other aspects of design, such as mechanical construction, programming or the basic design of services. The process descriptions in this document provide the basis for a rigorous assessment of an enterprise’s capability to carry out human-centred processes in conformity with the ISO/IEC 33004 and ISO/IEC 33020. This document is intended for use by organizations that want to address and improve their treatment of human-centred design of either their internal systems or the products and services they provide, and the procurement of systems and parts of systems. The processes can be applied by small- and medium-sized enterprises as well as by large organizations. NOTE 4 The scope of application of the PAM is the same as that of the PRM, which is described in ISO 9241-220:2019, Clause 1.

This document describes a model [the predicted heat strain (PHS) model] for the analytical determination and interpretation of the thermal stress (in terms of water loss and rectal temperature) experienced by an average person in a hot environment and determines the maximum allowable exposure times within which the physiological strain is acceptable for 95 % of the exposed population (the maximum tolerable rectal temperature and the maximum tolerable water loss are not exceeded by 95 % of the exposed people). The various terms used in this prediction model and, in particular, in the heat balance, show the influence of the different physical parameters of the environment on the thermal stress experienced by the average person. In this way, this document makes it possible to determine which parameter or group of parameters can be changed, and to what extent, in order to reduce the risk of excessive physiological strain. In its present form, this method of assessment is not applicable to cases where special protective clothing (e.g. fully reflective clothing, active cooling and ventilation, impermeable coveralls) is worn. This document does not predict the physiological response of an individual person, but only considers average persons in good health and fit for the work they perform. It is therefore intended to be used by, among others, ergonomists and industrial hygienists, as the outcomes can require expert interpretations. Recommendations about how and when to use this model are given in ISO 8025.

This document provides users with a summary of the existing knowledge about ergonomics considerations for the influence of sound in use environments on humans. It describes how unwanted effects of sound (noise) can be controlled. The main goals for controlling the acoustic use environment are reducing the rating level of sound in general, optimizing signal-to-noise ratio and sound reduction within the workspace. This document also provides users with organizational measures that can be taken if and when technical measures do not help sufficiently. Also included are measures on a personal level. This document deals with sound events that can cause extra-aural effects. Noise-induced hearing loss prevention and the ways to eliminate or reduce hazardous noise exposure are not covered by this document. The intended users of this document include: — developers of systems, products and services; — public and corporate purchasers; — occupational health and safety professionals; — architects and interior designers; — human resource professionals; — usability, ergonomics or human factors professionals; — users of interactive systems.

This document is intended to be used alongside ISO/TR 12295, ISO 11226, the ISO 11228 series and ISO/TR 23476 in the construction sector. This document (although the examples shown refer only to the civil construction sector) gives information on how existing standards can be used in a global sector, such as construction. Where biomechanical overload is a relevant aspect, albeit with different characteristics, work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are common and specific preventive actions are needed. This document is intended to: 1) define the user(s) and fields for its application (including non-experts in ergonomics); 2) provide examples of procedures for hazard identification, risk estimation or evaluation and risk reduction in different agricultural settings, through: — more synthetic procedural schemes (main test); — more analytical explanations of the procedures, through mathematical models and application examples, and with the use of specific free simple tools in Annexes A, B and C.

This document describes information items enabling systematic human-centred design for interactive systems. Some of these information items are elaborated by separate International Standards, named the Common Industry Format (CIF) for usability-related information. This document provides the framework of information items, including definitions and the content for each information item. This document includes the following: — the intended users of the information items; — consistent terminology; — the high-level content structure to be used for documenting each information item. The information items are intended to be used as part of system-level documentation resulting from development processes such as those in ISO 9241-210, ISO 9241-220 and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7 process standards (e.g. ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148). This document focuses on those information items needed for design, development and evaluation of usable systems, rather than prescribing a specific process. It is intended to be used in conjunction with existing International Standards, including the standards of the ISO 9241 series and the SQuaRE documents. This document does not prescribe any kind of method, life cycle or process. NOTE The information items produced by human-centred design activities can be incorporated in design approaches as diverse as object-oriented, waterfall, HFI (human factors integration), agile and rapid development.

This document provides an overview of ISO 9241 software ergonomic standards in the form of executive summaries of these standards, in particular the parts in the ISO 9241-1XX family of documents. In addition, it provides executive summaries for ISO 9241-11, ISO 9241-210 and ISO 9241-220, which have specific relevance to the design of software-based interactive systems. This document is intended for the following types of users: — managers, who are involved in planning and managing product, system and/or service development projects, who are to be informed on the human-centred design approach and on guidance on software ergonomics; — developers, who will apply the guidance in these documents during the development process (either directly, based on training, or by using tools and style guides which incorporate the guidance); — user interface design roles (including interaction designers, information architects, user interface designers, visual designers and content creators), who will apply the guidance in these documents during the creation and design process (either directly, based on training, or by using tools and style guides which incorporate the guidance); — user researchers, who are responsible for identifying user needs and inform context of use of a product, system or service; — evaluators, who are responsible for ensuring that products, systems or services meet the recommendations contained in these documents; — buyers, who will reference these documents in contracts during product procurement; — designers of user interface development tools and style guides to be used by user interface designers and developers. While the documents are applicable to all types of interactive systems, they do not cover the specifics of every context of use, such as safety critical systems and collaborative work.

This document provides ergonomic requirements and recommendations for increasing accessibility in terms of ease of operation through the design of products and controls of daily use. It is intended to aid the design of products and equipment that can be handled and manipulated easily and comfortably by people with the widest range of physical characteristics, capabilities and limitations across the widest age range. The requirements and recommendations specified in this document are based on general accessibility considerations as well as specific design considerations based on human physical characteristics, capabilities and limitations related to the operation of products and equipment, such as body size, strength, reach range and dexterity. Some considerations of cognitive factors are also presented. Products and equipment for professional use only, as well as those used only by technical experts, are not covered in this document. Design aspects related only to information and marking are not included. This document includes no general ergonomic requirements or recommendations for manual handling, working postures or safety of machinery but the contents are based on general knowledge of those issues. NOTE ISO 11226, ISO 11228-1, ISO 11228-2, ISO 11228-3, EN 894-3+A1, EN 1005-2, EN 1005-3, EN 1005-4 and EN 1005-5 provide ergonomic requirements and recommendations for manual handling, working postures and safety of machinery.

This document provides users of interactive systems with a summary of the existing knowledge about ergonomics considerations for the influence of artificial (electric) and natural lighting of environments on humans other than on vision, with a focus on non-image-forming effects. The document can furthermore be used as guidance on the specification of use environments in consideration of non-visual effects of lighting, also called non-image-forming (NIF) functions. Therapeutic use of light and optical radiation is not part of this document.

This document provides information based on a study of the characteristics of head-mounted displays (HMDs) regarding the ergonomics of human–system interaction. Although this document covers the broad range of ergonomics issues that arise, it specifically provides more-detailed information about the visual aspects of the interaction, and it provides information that could form the basis for future possible standards related to HMDs. NOTE: It is preferable to take systematic approach to consider characteristics of HMD, since HMD affects a viewer not only by visual aspects, but also by some other physical aspects.

This document establishes methods for determining the composition of groups of persons whose anthropometric characteristics are to be representative of the intended user population of any specific object under test. This document is applicable to the testing of anthropometric aspects of industrial products and designs having direct contact with the human body or dependent on human body measurements, such as machinery, work equipment, personal protective equipment (PPE), consumer goods, working spaces, architectural details or transportation equipment. This document is also applicable to the testing of such safety aspects of products that are dependent on human body measurements. It does not deal with other aspects of the task or other requirements, such as perception of information (except geometrical arrangement of the viewing targets) and the use of controls (except their geometrical placement). Although this document deals with selecting test persons from an anthropometric perspective, similar general principles can be applied for other test variables, e.g. biomechanical aspects.

This document provides information relating to the specification of liquid crystal display (LCD) screens at visual display workstations in indoor locations, in accordance with ISO 9241-307:2008, 5.2. The information is limited to LCD screens, since these are typically used at workstations. The information is intended to support managerial decision makers (e.g. procurement operators, companies’ safety committees, occupational safety and health professionals) who are responsible for the acquisition of visual displays.

This document specifies different methods for the determination of metabolic rate in the context of ergonomics of the thermal working environment. It can also be used for other applications, e.g. the assessment of working practices, the energetic cost of specific jobs or sport activities and the total energy cost of an activity. The methods are classified in four levels of increasing accuracy: level 1, Screening, with a table giving examples of activities with low, moderate and high metabolic rates; level 2, Observation, where the metabolic rate is estimated by a time and motion study; level 3, Analysis, where the metabolic rate is estimated from heart rate recordings or accelerometers measurements; and level 4, Expertise, where more sophisticated techniques are described. The procedure to put into practice these methods is presented and the uncertainties are discussed.

This document provides guidance on the design, selection and optimization of non-contacting hand and arm gestures for human-computer interaction. It addresses the assessment of usability and fatigue associated with different gesture set designs and provides recommendations for approaches to evaluating the design and selection of gestures. This document also provides guidance on the documentation of the process for selecting gesture sets. This document applies to gestures expressed by humans. It does not consider the technology for detecting gestures or the system response when interpreting a gesture. Non-contacting hand gestures can be used for input in a variety of settings, including the workplace or in public settings and when using fixed screens, mobile, virtual reality, augmented reality or mixed-mode reality devices. Some limitations of this document are: — The scope is limited to non-contacting gestures and does not include other forms of inputs. For example, combining gesture with speech, gaze or head position can reduce input error, but these combinations are not considered here. — The scope is limited to non-contacting arm, hand and finger gestures, either unilateral (one-handed) or bilateral (two-handed). — The scope assumes that all technological constraints are surmountable. Therefore, there is no consideration of technological limitations with interpreting ultra-rapid gestures, gestures performed by people of different skin tones or wearing different colours or patterns of clothing. — The scope is limited to UI-based command-and-control human computer interaction (HCI) tasks and does not include gaming scenarios, although the traversal of in-game menus and navigation of UI elements is within scope. — The scope does not include HCI tasks for which an obviously more optimal input method exists. For example, speech input is superior for inputting text than gesture input. — The scope includes virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) and the use of head-mounted displays (HMDs). — The scope does not include the discoverability of gestures but does include the learnability and memorability of gestures. It is assumed that product documentation and tutorials will adequately educate end users about which gestures are possible. Therefore, assessing gesture discoverability is not a primary goal of the recommendations in this document.

This document provides: a) an introduction to the importance of accessibility to human-system interaction; b) a discussion of the relationship of principles within the ISO 9241 series and accessibility; c) descriptions of activities related to the processes in ISO 9241-210 that focus on accessibility; d) references to standards relevant to the accessibility of interactive systems.

This document establishes an ergonomic model for any cyclical human work planned and executed in an industrial competitive environment. It also covers the process of measuring work based on the concept of normal work performance and of the assessment of risk factors commonly associated with body postures, body or hand forces, manual material handling of loads and handling low loads at high frequency. This document applies to the adult working population and is intended to give reasonable protection for nearly all healthy adults. Those areas concerning health risks and control measures are mainly based on experimental studies regarding musculoskeletal loading, discomfort or pain and endurance or fatigue related to work organization and methods. The scope of this document is any cyclical human work planned and executed in an industrial competitive environment. The most typical cases are within industries where there is the need to define an expected output (products or services) based on the optimization of the trade-off between labour productivity and health and safety. The most sensitive organizations to this proposal are those within labour-intensive manufacturing industries with series and batch production systems: — automotive (original equipment manufacturer and tier 1 and 2 suppliers); — industrial automotive (trucks, buses, agricultural and mining equipment); — industrial manufacturing (small domestic and industrial equipment or machinery); — domestic appliances and consumer goods (white goods); — plastic and rubber products (tires, doors, windows, shoes); — consumer electronics (PCs, televisions, printers, radios, hi-fis, alarm systems); — furniture; — textiles and apparel; — food preparation; — packaging; — aerospace and defence; — rail and shipping; — large domestic and industrial equipment or machinery; — logistics.

This document specifies recommended limits for manual lifting, lowering and carrying while taking into account the intensity, the frequency and the duration of the task. It is designed to provide requirements and recommendations on the assessment of several task variables, allowing the health risks for the working population to be evaluated. This document applies to manual handling of objects with a mass of 3 kg or more and to moderate walking speed, i.e. 0,5 m/s to 1,0 m/s on a horizontal level surface. This document is based on an 8 h working day, but also covers more prolonged working times, up to 12 h. It also addresses the analysis of combined lifting, lowering and carrying tasks in a shift during a day. This document does not cover the holding of objects (without walking), the pushing or pulling of objects or manual handling while seated. The pushing and pulling of objects are covered in the other parts of the ISO 11228 series. This document does not cover handling people or animals. (For further information on handling people, refer to ISO/TR 12296.) This document does not address the manual lifting of objects while using lift-assistive devices such as exoskeletons and does not address the needs of pregnant women or persons with disabilities.

This document provides guidelines for extending the definition of equivalent temperature to predictive purposes and specifies a standard prediction method for the assessment of thermal comfort in vehicles using numerical calculations. Specifically, this document sets forth a simulated numerical manikin as a viable alternative to the thermal manikin for the purpose of calculating the equivalent temperature.

This document describes general ergonomics requirements in relation to dynamic signs, as this responsive information presentation technology changes depending on the environmental conditions in which it is used (e.g. environmental illumination, density of people). Dynamic signs are presented adaptively to those environmental conditions. The general requirements for dynamic signs consist of visibility (divided into conspicuity, distinctiveness, legibility and comprehensibility), visual image safety and accessibility. The requirements and recommendations for each are also described. This document does not cover static signs. This document does not include requirements for safety signs for the marking of escape routes. NOTE There are some related recommendations in ISO 30061.

This document is intended to be used alongside ISO/TR 12295, ISO 11226 and the ISO 11228 series in the agricultural sector. This document gives information on how existing standards can be used in a global sector such as agriculture where, albeit with different characteristics, biomechanical overload is a relevant aspect, WMSDs are common and specific preventive actions are needed. The proposed project aims to: 1) define the user(s) and fields for its application (including non-experts in ergonomics); 2) provide examples of procedures for hazard identification, risk estimation or evaluation and risk reduction in different agricultural settings, through: — more synthetic procedural schemes (main test); — more analytical explanations of the procedures, through mathematical models and application examples, also with the use of specific free simple tools, in: — Annex A (pre-mapping with ERGOCHECK); — Annex B (evaluation of Multitask risk of biomechanical overload on typical agricultural macro-cycles, considering upper limbs repetitive movements, manual lifting and carrying, pushing-pulling); — Annex C (study of awkward postures with criteria derived from the actual standards and scientific literature as TACOS method).

This document provides ergonomics data for standard developers to use in applying ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014 to address accessibility in standards. These data can also be used by ergonomists and designers to support the development of more accessible products, systems, services, environments, and facilities. The ergonomics data include quantitative data and knowledge about basic human characteristics and capabilities as well as context-specific and task-specific data, all being based on ergonomics research. The data focused on the effects of ageing and/or consequences of various types of human sensory, physical, and cognitive disabilities. It does not contain general ergonomics data that have no direct relation to ageing or disabilities. The data presented in this document are not exhaustive due to no available data for some aspects of human characteristics and capabilities with regard to ageing and disabilities.

This document provides both general and specific ergonomic requirements and recommendations for accessible tactile/haptic interactive systems, including accessible tactile/haptic interactions. This document provides guidance for increasing the accessibility of interactive systems making use of tactile/haptic input/output modalities such as gestures, vibration, and force feedback. The guidance provided also supports alternative input modalities and the use of different output representations. This document provides guidance for tactile/haptic interactions that is applicable to a variety of interactive systems, including assistive technologies (AT).

This document describes the different parts of the ISO 11064 series. The overall content of each of the parts is presented, the most likely users of that part and the relevance of each part to different stages in the control room design process.

This document addresses: — physically embodied RIA systems, such as robots and autonomous vehicles with which users will physically interact; — systems embedded within the physical environment with which users do not consciously interact, but which collect data and/or modify the environment within which people live or work such as smart building and, mood-detection; — intelligent software tools and agents with which users actively interact through some form of user interface; — intelligent software agents which act without active user input to modify or tailor the systems to the user's behaviour, task or some other purpose, including providing context specific content/information, tailoring adverts to a user based on information about them, user interfaces that adapt to the cognitive or physiological state, "ambient intelligence"; — the effect on users resulting from the combined interaction of several RIA systems such as conflicting behaviours between the RIA systems under the same circumstances; — the complex system-of-systems and sociotechnical impacts of the use of RIA systems, particularly on society and government. This document is not an exploration of the philosophical, ethical or political issues surrounding robotics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and intelligent machines or environments. For matters of ethics and political issues, see standards such as BS 8611 and IEC P7000. However, this document does identify where and why ethical issues need to be taken into account for a wide range of systems and contexts, and as such it provides information relevant to the broader debate regarding RIA systems. This document has a broader focus than much of the early work on autonomy that relates to the automation of control tasks and mechanization of repetitive physical or cognitive tasks, and centres on levels of automation. Although this document addresses a wide range of technology applications, and sector and stakeholder views on the issues, the treatment of each can be incomplete due to the diverse and increasingly varied applications of RIA systems.

This document is intended to provide guidance in the use of anthropometric data within the ISO 9241-500 series.

This document describes principles for interaction between a user and a system that are formulated in general terms (i.e. independent of situations of use, application, environment or technology). This document provides a framework for applying those interaction principles and the general design recommendations for interactive systems. While this document is applicable to all types of interactive systems, it does not cover the specifics of every application domain (e.g. safety critical systems, collaborative work, artificial intelligence features). It is intended for the following audiences: — analysts of requirements (including market requirements, user requirements, and system requirements); — designers of user interface development tools and style guides to be used by user interface designers and developers; — designers of user interfaces who will apply the guidance during the design activities (either directly, based on training, or by using tools and style guides which incorporate the guidance); — developers who will apply the guidance during the development process; — evaluators who are responsible for ensuring that products meet the general design recommendations contained in this document; — buyers who will reference this document in contracts during product procurement. This document focuses on interaction principles related to the design of interactions between user and interactive system. ISO 9241-112 provides further guidance on the presentation of information. This document does not consider any other aspect of design such as marketing, aesthetics and corporate identity.