EN ISO 9241-391:2016
(Main)Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 391: Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures (ISO 9241-391:2016)
Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 391: Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures (ISO 9241-391:2016)
ISO 9241-391:2016 provides requirements and recommendations for reducing photosensitive seizures (PSS), while viewing images on electronic displays.
The requirements and recommendations in this part of ISO 9241 are designed to be applied to image contents. By image contents, reference is made to the images independent of the device or environment in which they are displayed.
The requirements and recommendations in this part of ISO 9241 are for the protection of the vulnerable individuals in the viewing population who are photosensitive and who are therefore liable to seizures triggered by flashing lights and regular patterns, including certain repetitive images.
NOTE 1 ITU considers the image safety issues in relation to broadcasting. Some of these are described in ITU-R BT.1702.[2]
NOTE 2 There are some related recommendations in ISO/IEC 40500:2012, W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0, for web contents accessibility.
NOTE 3 Photosensitive seizures and photosensitive epilepsy, that is, chronic conditions characterized by those repeated seizures are medical conditions. Clinical aspects of photosensitivity appear in Annex C. Visually induced seizures are equivalent to PSS.
Ergonomie der Mensch-System-Interaktion - Teil 391: Anforderungen, Analysen und Prüfverfahren zur Konformität zur Verringerung epileptischer Anfälle aufgrund photosensitiver Reize (ISO 9241-391:2016)
Dieser Teil von ISO 9241 stellt Anforderungen und Empfehlungen zur Verminderung von Anfällen aufgrund photosensitiver Reize (PSS) bei der Betrachtung von Bildern auf elektronischen Anzeigegeräten bereit.
Die Anforderungen und Empfehlungen dieses Teils von ISO 9241 wurden für die Anwendung auf Bildinhalte entwickelt. Durch den Begriff „Bildinhalte“ wird auf die Bilder selber verwiesen, unabhängig von Anzeigegerät oder Umgebung, innerhalb derer sie angezeigt werden.
Die Anforderungen und Empfehlungen dieses Teils von ISO 9241 sind zum Schutz der verletzlichen Personen innerhalb der Bevölkerung gedacht, die lichtempfindlich sind und die daher anfällig für Anfälle, die durch aufblitzende Lichter und regelmäßige Muster, einschließlich bestimmter, sich wiederholender Bilder, ausgelöst werden.
ANMERKUNG 1 Die Internationale Fernmeldeunion (ITU) befasst sich mit den Sicherheitsaspekten von Bildern in Bezug auf deren Ausstrahlung. Einige dieser Aspekte werden in ITU-R BT.1702 [2] beschrieben.
ANMERKUNG 2 In ISO/IEC 40500:2012 [W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0] gibt es einige damit verbundene Empfehlungen hinsichtlich des Zugangs zu Inhalten des Internets.
ANMERKUNG 3 Anfälle aufgrund photosensitiver Reize und epileptische Anfälle bedeutet, dass die durch die wiederholten Anfälle gekennzeichneten, chronischen Zustände medizinische Zustände sind. Auf die klinischen Aspekte der Photosensibilität wird in Anhang C Bezug genommen. Visuell hervorgerufene Anfälle sind äquivalent zu PSS.
Ergonomie de l'interaction homme-système - Partie 391: Exigences, analyses et méthodes d'essai de conformité pour la réduction des saisies photosensibles (ISO 9241-391:2016)
ISO 9241-391:2016 spécifie des exigences et fournit des recommandations concernant la réduction des saisies photosensibles (SPS) lors de l'observation d'images sur des afficheurs électroniques.
Les exigences et les recommandations dans la présente partie de l'ISO 9241 sont destinées à être appliquées à des contenus d'images. Le terme «contenus d'images» fait référence aux images elles-mêmes, indépendamment du dispositif ou de l'environnement sur (dans) lequel elles sont affichées.
Les exigences et les recommandations fournies dans la présente partie de l'ISO 9241 sont destinées à la protection de la partie vulnérable de la population, qui risque de faire des crises d'épilepsie photosensible déclenchées par des flashs lumineux et des séquences répétitives, y compris certaines images répétitives.
NOTE 1 L'UIT étudie les problèmes liés à la sécurité des images par rapport à la télédiffusion. Certaines d'entre elles sont décrites dans la Recommandation UIT-R BT.1702.[2]
NOTE 2 Quelques recommandations pertinentes sont fournies dans l'ISO/IEC 40500:2012, Technologies de l'information ? Règles pour l'accessibilité des contenus Web (WCAG) 2.0 du World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) pour l'accessibilité des contenus Web.
NOTE 3 Les saisies photosensibles et l'épilepsie photosensible, c'est-à-dire des troubles chroniques caractérisés par des crises répétées, constituent des états pathologiques. Les aspects cliniques de la photosensibilité sont abordés dans l'Annexe C. Les crises induites par stimulus visuel sont équivalentes aux saisies photosensibles (SPS).
Ergonomija medsebojnega vpliva človek-sistem - 391. del: Zahteve, analize in preskusne metode za ugotavljanje skladnosti za zmanjšanje epileptičnih napadov, sproženih s fotosenzitivnimi dražljaji (ISO 9241-391:2016)
Ta del standarda ISO 9241 podaja smernice za zmanjševanje epileptičnih napadov, sproženih s fotosenzitivnimi dražljaji, enega od treh največjih neželenih biomedicinskih učinkov, ki jih sprožajo slike, predstavljene na elektronskih vizualnih zaslonih. Smernice opisujejo pogoje, ki jih v osnovi ustvarjajo elektronske vizualne slikovne vsebine, predstavljene v domačih in delovnih okoljih, vendar ne na elektronskih vizualnih zaslonih. Smernica v dokumentu je namenjena zaščiti ranljivega dela populacije gledalcev, ki so občutljivi na fotosenzitivne dražljaje ter so zato nagnjeni k epileptičnim napadom, ki jih sprožijo utripajoče lučke in enakomerni vzorci, vključno z določenimi vrstami ponavljajočih slik.
General Information
Overview
EN ISO 9241-391:2016 (ISO 9241-391) - Ergonomics of human‑system interaction - Part 391 - specifies requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures (PSS) when viewing images on electronic displays. The standard targets image contents (the images themselves, independent of device or environment) and is intended to protect vulnerable, photosensitive viewers who can experience seizures triggered by flashing lights, rapid image changes or regular visual patterns. Annexes provide clinical context, viewing‑environment guidance and sample test procedures.
Key topics and technical requirements
The standard addresses image safety and practical risk reduction through requirements and recommendations that include:
- Image factors of photosensitive seizures - identification of image features that can trigger PSS (e.g., flashes, repetitive patterns).
- Flashes and rapid changes - guidance on potentially harmful flashes, rapid sequence changes and cumulative risk from repeated exposures.
- Potentially harmful red flashes - special consideration of saturated red stimuli (see Annex E).
- Regular patterns - identification and mitigation of repetitive or high‑contrast patterns that can provoke seizures.
- Prior warning - recommendations for content warnings when risk cannot be fully mitigated.
- Conformance and test methods - defined procedures for analysis and compliance testing, including test methods and a sample conformance procedure (Annex G).
- Informative annexes - clinical aspects of photosensitivity (Annex C), viewing environments (Annex D), and technical guidance (e.g., luminance/signal relations in Annex F).
Note: ISO 9241-391 applies to image contents and does not replace clinical guidance; clinical aspects are informative.
Applications and who uses this standard
EN ISO 9241-391 is relevant to professionals who create, evaluate or certify visual media and displays where image safety is a concern:
- Content creators and producers (broadcast, film, TV, streaming, game developers) - to design imagery that reduces PSS risk.
- Display and device manufacturers - to evaluate image pipelines and provide safe default rendering.
- UX/UI and accessibility designers - to implement safer visual interfaces and provide warnings where necessary.
- Accessibility and compliance testers - to apply the standard’s test methods and conformance procedures.
- Standards bodies and broadcasters - for harmonizing safety practices (noting relation to ITU recommendations).
- Regulatory and health‑safety stakeholders - for risk assessment and consumer protection policy input.
Related standards
- ISO 9241 series (ergonomics of human‑system interaction) - contextual guidance on human factors.
- ISO/IEC 40500:2012 (WCAG 2.0) - related web accessibility recommendations.
- ITU‑R BT.1702 - broadcasting guidance on image safety (informative reference).
Keywords: ISO 9241-391, EN ISO 9241-391:2016, photosensitive seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, image safety, ergonomics, visual displays, PSS reduction, conformance test methods.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN ISO 9241-391:2016 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 391: Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures (ISO 9241-391:2016)". This standard covers: ISO 9241-391:2016 provides requirements and recommendations for reducing photosensitive seizures (PSS), while viewing images on electronic displays. The requirements and recommendations in this part of ISO 9241 are designed to be applied to image contents. By image contents, reference is made to the images independent of the device or environment in which they are displayed. The requirements and recommendations in this part of ISO 9241 are for the protection of the vulnerable individuals in the viewing population who are photosensitive and who are therefore liable to seizures triggered by flashing lights and regular patterns, including certain repetitive images. NOTE 1 ITU considers the image safety issues in relation to broadcasting. Some of these are described in ITU-R BT.1702.[2] NOTE 2 There are some related recommendations in ISO/IEC 40500:2012, W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0, for web contents accessibility. NOTE 3 Photosensitive seizures and photosensitive epilepsy, that is, chronic conditions characterized by those repeated seizures are medical conditions. Clinical aspects of photosensitivity appear in Annex C. Visually induced seizures are equivalent to PSS.
ISO 9241-391:2016 provides requirements and recommendations for reducing photosensitive seizures (PSS), while viewing images on electronic displays. The requirements and recommendations in this part of ISO 9241 are designed to be applied to image contents. By image contents, reference is made to the images independent of the device or environment in which they are displayed. The requirements and recommendations in this part of ISO 9241 are for the protection of the vulnerable individuals in the viewing population who are photosensitive and who are therefore liable to seizures triggered by flashing lights and regular patterns, including certain repetitive images. NOTE 1 ITU considers the image safety issues in relation to broadcasting. Some of these are described in ITU-R BT.1702.[2] NOTE 2 There are some related recommendations in ISO/IEC 40500:2012, W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0, for web contents accessibility. NOTE 3 Photosensitive seizures and photosensitive epilepsy, that is, chronic conditions characterized by those repeated seizures are medical conditions. Clinical aspects of photosensitivity appear in Annex C. Visually induced seizures are equivalent to PSS.
EN ISO 9241-391:2016 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 13.180 - Ergonomics; 31.120 - Electronic display devices; 35.180 - IT Terminal and other peripheral equipment. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
You can purchase EN ISO 9241-391:2016 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2016
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Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 391: Requirements, analysis and
compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures (ISO 9241-
391:2016)
Ergonomie der Mensch-System-Interaktion - Teil 391: Anforderungen, Analysen und
Prüfverfahren zur Konformität zur Verringerung epileptischer Anfälle ausgelöst durch
photosensitive Reize (ISO 9241-391:2016)
Ergonomie de l'interaction homme-système - Partie 391: Exigences, analyses et
méthodes d'essai de conformité pour la réduction des saisies photosensibles (ISO 9241-
391:2016)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 9241-391:2016
ICS:
11.020.99 Drugi standardi v zvezi z Other standards related to
zdravstvom na splošno health care in general
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO 9241-391
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2016
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.180; 35.180
English Version
Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 391:
Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for
the reduction of photosensitive seizures (ISO 9241-
391:2016)
Ergonomie de l'interaction homme-système - Partie Ergonomie der Mensch-System-Interaktion - Teil 391:
391: Exigences, analyses et méthodes d'essai de Anforderungen, Analysen und Prüfverfahren zur
conformité pour la réduction des saisies Konformität zur Verringerung epileptischer Anfälle
photosensibles (ISO 9241-391:2016) ausgelöst durch photosensitive Reize (ISO 9241-
391:2016)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 December 2015.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 9241-391:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 9241-391:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 159 “Ergonomics” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2016, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2016.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 9241-391:2016 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 9241-391:2016 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 9241-391
First edition
2016-02-01
Ergonomics of human-system
interaction —
Part 391:
Requirements, analysis and
compliance test methods for the
reduction of photosensitive seizures
Ergonomie de l’interaction homme-système —
Partie 391: Exigences, analyses et méthodes d’essai de conformité
pour la réduction des saisies photosensibles
Reference number
ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016
ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Image factors of photosensitive seizures . 2
5 Ergonomic requirements and recommendations . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Flashes . 3
5.2.1 Potentially harmful flashes . 3
5.2.2 Rapid changes of image sequences . 4
5.2.3 Potentially harmful red flashes . 4
5.2.4 Cumulative risk . 4
5.2.5 Prior warning . 4
5.3 Potentially harmful regular patterns . 4
6 Conformance . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Test methods . 5
6.3 Procedure of conformance. 6
Annex A (informative) Overview of the ISO 9241-series . 7
Annex B (informative) Abbreviated terms . 8
Annex C (informative) Clinical aspects of photosensitivity . 9
Annex D (informative) Viewing environments .10
Annex E (informative) Saturated red .11
Annex F (informative) Typical relation between screen luminance and signal voltage .12
Annex G (informative) Sample procedure for assessing applicability and conformance .13
Bibliography .15
ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 4, Ergonomics
of human-system interaction.
ISO 9241 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomic requirements for office work
with visual display terminals (VDTs):
— Part 1: General introduction
— Part 2: Guidance on task requirements
— Part 5: Workstation layout and postural requirements
— Part 6: Guidance on the work environment
— Part 11: Guidance on usability
— Part 12: Presentation of information
— Part 13: User guidance
— Part 14: Menu dialogues
— Part 15: Command dialogues
— Part 16: Direct manipulation dialogues
ISO 9241 also consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomics of human-system
interaction:
— Part 20: Accessibility guidelines for information/communication technology (ICT) equipment and services
— Part 100: Introduction to standards related to software ergonomics [Technical Report]
— Part 110: Dialogue principles
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
1)
— Part 112: Principles for the presentation of information
— Part 129: Guidance on software individualization
— Part 143: Forms
— Part 151: Guidance on World Wide Web user interfaces
— Part 154: Interactive voice response (IVR) applications
— Part 161: Guidance on visual user-interface elements
— Part 171: Guidance on software accessibility
— Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems
1)
— Part 220: Processes for enabling, executing and assessing human-centred design within organizations
— Part 300: Introduction to electronic visual display requirements
— Part 302: Terminology for electronic visual displays
— Part 303: Requirements for electronic visual displays
— Part 304: User performance test methods for electronic visual displays
— Part 305: Optical laboratory test methods for electronic visual displays
— Part 306: Field assessment methods for electronic visual displays
— Part 307: Analysis and compliance test methods for electronic visual displays
— Part 308: Surface-conduction electron-emitter displays (SED) [Technical Report]
— Part 309: Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays [Technical Report]
— Part 310: Visibility, aesthetics and ergonomics of pixel defects [Technical Report]
— Part 331: Optical characteristics of autostereoscopic displays [Technical Report]
— Part 391: Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures
— Part 392: Ergonomic recommendations for the reduction of visual fatigue from stereoscopic images
— Part 400: Principles and requirements for physical input devices
— Part 410: Design criteria for physical input devices
— Part 411: Evaluation methods for the design of physical input devices [Technical Specification]
— Part 420: Selection of physical input devices
— Part 910: Framework for tactile and haptic interaction
— Part 920: Guidance on tactile and haptic interactions
1)
— Part 940: Evaluation of tactile and haptic interactions
1)
— Part 960: Framework and guidance for gesture interactions
The following parts are under preparation:
— Part 125: Guidance on visual presentation of information
1) To be published.
ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
— Part 333: Stereoscopic displays using glasses
For the other parts under preparation, see Annex A.
vi © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
Introduction
Recent progress of technology enables us to watch high-definition images, some of which can be
stereoscopic. When those images are projected onto the retina of both eyes and processed as visual
information, undesirable biomedical effects, such as photosensitive seizures, visually induced motion
sickness, and visual fatigue from stereoscopic images can be induced. These undesirable biomedical
effects need to be reduced where feasible. The prevention of these undesirable biomedical effects on
human health has been referred to as “image safety”.
Image safety was first discussed by the ISO in the ISO/COPOLCO with respect to the users of image
products. Then, in 2004, the ISO/International Workshop on Image Safety was held and resulted
[1]
in the publication of ISO/IWA 3:2005 as the international workshop agreement. Following those
discussions, the study group (ISO/TC 159/SC 4/SG on Image Safety) continued to evaluate strategies
of the international standardizations until 2009. The basic concept of Image Safety is common with
[18]
ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014 , in which the idea is that accessibility to and usability of products and
services should be available to all people.
This part of ISO 9241 will help promote the production of safer images by reducing the risk of
photosensitive seizures, and thereby result in the wider distribution of images that are free from
constraints on which consumers can view them. A small proportion of the population is susceptible to
seizures and other neurological effects when watching motion picture and video content with certain
display features. Since these reactions depend on individual susceptibility have been documented with
programming viewed through cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays, there is as yet less experience with
high-definition displays.
This part of ISO 9241 belongs to a family of human-system interaction standards. Readers who need
guidance on other aspects of human-system interaction should refer to the ISO 9241-series.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
Ergonomics of human-system interaction —
Part 391:
Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for
the reduction of photosensitive seizures
1 Scope
This part of ISO 9241 provides requirements and recommendations for reducing photosensitive
seizures (PSS), while viewing images on electronic displays.
The requirements and recommendations in this part of ISO 9241 are designed to be applied to image
contents. By image contents, reference is made to the images independent of the device or environment
in which they are displayed.
The requirements and recommendations in this part of ISO 9241 are for the protection of the vulnerable
individuals in the viewing population who are photosensitive and who are therefore liable to seizures
triggered by flashing lights and regular patterns, including certain repetitive images.
NOTE 1 ITU considers the image safety issues in relation to broadcasting. Some of these are described in
[2]
ITU-R BT.1702.
NOTE 2 There are some related recommendations in ISO/IEC 40500:2012, W3C Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0, for web contents accessibility.
NOTE 3 Photosensitive seizures and photosensitive epilepsy, that is, chronic conditions characterized by
those repeated seizures are medical conditions. Clinical aspects of photosensitivity appear in Annex C. Visually
induced seizures are equivalent to PSS.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9241-302, Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 302: Terminology for electronic visual displays
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 9241-302 and the
following apply.
3.1
flash
pair of opposing changes in relative luminance
Note 1 to entry: A “pair of opposing changes” is an increase followed by a decrease or a decrease followed by an
increase.
3.2
electroencephalogram
EEG
record of electrical changes caused by neuronal activities in the brain through electrodes attached to
the scalp
ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
3.3
photoparoxysmal response
PPR
EEG (3.2) response to flash (3.1) or pattern, consisting of spikes, spike–waves, or intermittent slow
waves, which include spike-waves at around 3 Hz that can be detected bilaterally and simultaneously in
all areas of the scalp
3.4
photosensitivity
human individual sensitivity to flashing or intermittent light stimulation and/or visual patterns,
evidenced by the occurrence of a photoparoxysmal response (3.3) in the EEG (3.2)
Note 1 to entry: Visual sensitivity is a term recently sometimes used as an alternative to the term
“photosensitivity.”
3.5
photosensitive seizure
PSS
[3]
epileptic seizure triggered by visual stimulation as a result of photosensitivity (3.4) in a human individual
3.6
photosensitive epilepsy
chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent photosensitive seizures (3.5), either
convulsive or non-convulsive seizures, such as absence seizures
4 Image factors of photosensitive seizures
A photosensitive seizure may be produced in susceptible individuals by flashing lights or certain
[3][16]
regular patterns. A visual stimulus tending to provoke a seizure is bright light flashes of a certain
[4]
number per second. The light must also fill a large part of the visual field. For the light flashes, colour
[5][12]
changes to or from saturated red, instead of luminance changes, also tend to provoke a seizure.
Another potentially provocative visual stimulus for some individuals with photosensitivity is regular
[6]
patterns with a certain number of bright stripes per a certain area. The pattern must also fill a
large part of the visual field, while the provocation depends on whether the patterns are stationary or
[7][16][17]
oscillating (including flashing).
[3][14]
PSS can be reduced, to some extent, by considering factors such as those shown below. These
[13][15]
factors need to be considered at the same time in an appropriate balance.
— Potentially harmful flashes:
— Luminance and contrast
— Area of visual field
— Number of flashes per unit time
— Rapid changes of image sequences
— Potentially harmful red flashes:
— Colour
— Area of visual field
2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
— Number of flashes per unit time
— Cumulative risk:
— Duration of flashing
— Potentially harmful regular patterns:
— Clearly discernible stripes
— Number of stripes and area of visual field occupied
— Moving/stati
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記事のタイトル：EN ISO 9241-391：2016-人間システム相互作用の人間工学-第391部：光過敏性発作の低減に関する要件、分析、およびコンプライアンステスト方法（ISO 9241-391：2016） 記事の内容：ISO 9241-391：2016は、電子ディスプレイ上で画像を表示する際の光過敏性発作（PSS）の低減についての要件と推奨事項を提供しています。 このISO 9241の一部では、画像コンテンツに対して適用されるように要件と推奨事項が設計されています。画像コンテンツとは、表示されるデバイスや環境に関係なく、画像自体を指します。 このISO 9241の一部の要件と推奨事項は、光が点滅し、規則的なパターン、特に一部の繰り返し画像によって引き起こされる発作に対して感受性のある視聴人口の脆弱な個人を保護するためのものです。 注意1：国際電気通信連合（ITU）は、放送に関連する画像の安全性問題を考慮しています。これに関連する内容はITU-R BT.1702に記載されています。 注意2：ISO/IEC 40500：2012でウェブコンテンツのアクセシビリティに関する関連する推奨事項があります。 注意3：光過敏性発作および光過敏性てんかんは、反復した発作が特徴の慢性的な疾患です。光感作性発作はPSSと同等です。
The article discusses the requirements and recommendations provided by ISO 9241-391:2016 for reducing photosensitive seizures (PSS) when viewing images on electronic displays. These requirements and recommendations apply to the content of the images themselves, regardless of the device or environment in which they are displayed. They are intended to protect vulnerable individuals in the viewing population who are photosensitive and may experience seizures triggered by flashing lights and regular patterns, including repetitive images. The article also mentions that the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) addresses image safety issues in broadcasting, and there are related recommendations in ISO/IEC 40500:2012 and the W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 for web content accessibility. Additionally, the article notes that photosensitive seizures and epilepsy are medical conditions, and clinical aspects of photosensitivity are discussed in Annex C of the ISO 9241-391:2016 standard.
기사 제목: EN ISO 9241-391:2016 - 인간-시스템 상호작용의 인간공학적 측면 - 파트 391: 광민각성 경련 감소를 위한 요구사항, 분석 및 준수 테스트 방법 (ISO 9241-391:2016) 기사 내용: ISO 9241-391:2016은 전자 디스플레이에서 이미지를 보는 동안 광민각성 경련 (PSS)을 감소시키기 위한 요구사항과 권장 사항을 제공합니다. ISO 9241 이 부분에서 제시하는 요구사항과 권장 사항은 이미지 콘텐츠에 적용되도록 설계되었습니다. 여기서 이미지 콘텐츠는 디스플레이되는 장치나 환경과는 독립적으로 이미지를 의미합니다. ISO 9241 이 부분에서 제시하는 요구사항과 권장 사항은 광민각성이 있는 취약한 개인들을 보호하기 위한 것입니다. 광간격으로 인한 번쩍거리는 조명 및 정규한 패턴, 특히 반복되는 특정 이미지의 영향으로 발작이 유발되는 경우가 있습니다. 참고 1. ITU(국제전기통신연합)는 방송과 관련된 이미지 안전 문제를 고려합니다. 이와 관련된 내용은 ITU-R BT.1702[2]에서 설명되어 있습니다. 참고 2. ISO/IEC 40500:2012, W3C 웹 콘텐츠 접근성 지침 (WCAG) 2.0에는 웹 콘텐츠 접근성을 위한 몇 가지 관련 권장 사항이 있습니다. 참고 3. 광민각성 경련과 광민각성 간질증은 장기적인 발작을 특징으로 하는 질환입니다. 광민각성의 임상적 측면은 부록 C에 나와 있습니다. 시각 유도성 경련은 PSS와 유사합니다. 기사는 ISO 9241-391:2016이 전자 디스플레이에서 이미지를 보는 동안 광민각성 경련을 감소시키기 위한 요구사항과 권장 사항을 제공한다고 설명합니다. 이러한 요구사항과 권장 사항은 디스플레이되는 이미지 콘텐츠 자체에 적용되며, 디바이스나 환경과는 상관이 없습니다. 이는 광민각성이 있는 취약한 개인을 보호하기 위한 것으로, 번쩍거리는 조명과 정규한 패턴, 특히 반복되는 이미지 등에 의해 발작이 유발될 수 있는 개인들을 대상으로 합니다. 기사는 또한 국제전기통신연합 (ITU)가 방송에서의 이미지 안전 문제에 대해 다룬다고 언급하며, ISO/IEC 40500:2012와 W3C 웹 콘텐츠 접근성 지침 (WCAG) 2.0에서는 웹 콘텐츠 접근성을 위한 관련 권장 사항이 있다고 언급합니다. 뿐만 아니라, 광민각성 경련과 간질증은 의료적인 질환으로, ISO 9241-391:2016 표준의 부록 C에서 광민각성의 임상적 측면이 다루어진다고 기사는 언급합니다.
記事のタイトル：EN ISO 9241-391:2016 - 人間システム相互作用の人間工学 - パート391：光過敏性けいれんの低減のための要件、分析、コンプライアンステスト方法（ISO 9241-391:2016） 記事内容：ISO 9241-391:2016は、電子ディスプレイで画像を表示する際の光過敏性けいれん（PSS）の低減に関する要件と推奨事項を提供します。 ISO 9241のこのパートでは、画像コンテンツへの適用を意図して要件と推奨事項を設定しています。画像コンテンツとは、ディスプレイされるデバイスや環境とは独立して画像を指します。 ISO 9241のこのパートで示される要件と推奨事項は、光点滅や規則的なパターン、特に反復する一部の画像によってけいれんが引き起こされる光過敏性のある個人を保護するためにあります。 注意1: ITUは放送に関連する画像の安全性問題を考慮しています。これらについてはITU-R BT.1702[2]で説明されています。 注意2: ISO / IEC 40500:2012、W3C Webコンテンツアクセシビリティガイドライン（WCAG）2.0には、ウェブコンテンツのアクセシビリティに関連する推奨事項がいくつかあります。 注意3: 光過敏性のけいれんと光過敏性けいれん発作が、反復発作を特徴とする慢性疾患であることに留意してください。光刺激によるけいれんはPSSと同等です。 この記事では、電子ディスプレイ上で画像を表示する際の光過敏症 (PSS) の低減に関するISO 9241-391:2016の要件と推奨事項について説明しています。これらの要件と推奨事項は、デバイスや環境に関係なく、画像自体のコンテンツに適用されるものです。光過敏性を持つてんかん発作の危険がある人々を保護するために設けられており、点滅する光や規則的なパターン、特に反復する画像などによって発作が引き起こされる可能性があります。また、国際電気通信連合 (ITU) が放送における画像の安全性問題に対応しており、ISO/IEC 40500:2012とW3C Webコンテンツアクセシビリティガイドライン (WCAG) 2.0にも関連する推奨事項があることが触れられています。さらに、光過敏性けいれんとけいれんは医療的な状態であり、ISO 9241-391:2016の標準の付録Cで光過敏性の臨床的側面が説明されていることも記事で述べられています。
The article discusses EN ISO 9241-391:2016, which outlines requirements and recommendations for reducing photosensitive seizures (PSS) when viewing images on electronic displays. These requirements and recommendations are meant to be applied to image content, regardless of the device or environment it is displayed in. The purpose is to protect vulnerable individuals in the viewing population who are photosensitive and prone to seizures triggered by flashing lights and regular patterns. The article also mentions that the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) addresses image safety issues related to broadcasting, and there are related recommendations in ISO/IEC 40500:2012 for web content accessibility. Additionally, it notes that photosensitive seizures and epilepsy are medical conditions, and more information on the clinical aspects of photosensitivity can be found in Annex C.
EN ISO 9241-391:2016 - 인간-시스템 상호작용의 인간 공학 - 제 391 부분: 광민감성 발작 감소를 위한 요구사항, 분석 및 준수 테스트 방법에 대한 기사를 영어로 요약합니다. 이 기사에서는 전자 디스플레이에서 이미지를 볼 때 광민감성 발작(PSS)을 감소시키기 위한 요구사항과 권고사항을 제공합니다. ISO 9241의 이 부분의 요구사항과 권고사항은 이미지 콘텐츠에 적용되도록 설계되었습니다. 이미지 콘텐츠라 함은 해당 이미지가 표시되는 장치나 환경과는 관계없이 이미지 자체를 의미합니다. ISO 9241의 이 부분의 요구사항과 권고사항은 광민감성을 가진 취약한 개인들을 보호하기 위한 것이며, 이들은 번쩍이는 빛과 규칙적인 패턴, 특히 일부 반복적인 이미지에 의해 발작이 유발될 수 있는 위험에 처해 있습니다. 참고 1: 국제 전기통신연합은 방송에 관련된 이미지 안전 문제를 고려합니다. 이에 대한 몇 가지 내용은 ITU-R BT.1702[2]에서 설명되어 있습니다. 참고 2: ISO/IEC 40500:2012, W3C 웹 콘텐츠 접근성 지침(WCAG) 2.0에도 관련된 권고사항이 있습니다. 참고 3: 광민감성 발작 및 광민감성 간질증은 반복된 발작으로 특징지어지는 만성적인 질환입니다. 광민감성의 임상 측면은 부록 C에 나와 있습니다. 시각으로 유발된 발작은 PSS와 동일합니다.
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